1.1 The 2014 Standard specification for shipboard
incinerators (the Specification) covers the design, manufacture, performance,
operation and testing of incinerators intended to incinerate garbage
and other shipboard wastes generated during the ship's normal service.
1.2 This Specification applies to those incinerator
plants with capacities up to 4,000 kW per unit.
1.3 This Specification does not apply to systems
on special incinerator ships, e.g. for burning industrial wastes such
as chemicals, manufacturing residues, etc.
1.4 This Specification does not address the electrical
supply to the unit, nor the foundation connections and stack connections.
1.5 This Specification provides emission requirements
in annex 1, and fire protection requirements in annex 2. Provisions
for incinerators integrated with heat recovery units and provisions
for flue gas temperature are given in annex 3 and annex 4, respectively.
1.6 This Specification may involve hazardous materials,
operations, and equipment. It does not purport to address all of the
safety problems associated with its use. It is the responsibility
of the user of this standard to establish appropriate safety and health
practices and determine the applicability of regulatory limitations
prior to use, including possible port State limitations.
For the purpose of the Specification, the following definitions
apply:
2.1
Ship means a vessel of any type
whatsoever operating in the marine environment and includes hydrofoil
boats, air-cushioned vehicles, submersibles, floating craft and fixed
or floating platforms.
2.2
Shipboard incinerator or incinerator means a shipboard facility designed for the primary purpose
of incineration.
2.3
Garbage means all kinds of food
wastes, domestic wastes and operational wastes, all plastics, cargo
residues, incinerator ashes, cooking oil, fishing gear, and animal
carcasses generated during the normal operation of the ship and liable
to be disposed of continuously or periodically except those substances
which are defined or listed in Annexes to MARPOL.
Garbage does not include fresh fish and parts thereof generated as
a result of fishing activities undertaken during the voyage, or as
a result of aquaculture activities which involve the transport of
fish including shellfish for placement in the aquaculture facility
and the transport of harvested fish including shellfish from such
facilities to shore for processing.
2.4
Waste means useless, unneeded
or superfluous matter which is to be discarded.
2.5
Food wastes means any spoiled
or unspoiled food substances and includes fruits, vegetables, dairy
products, poultry, meat products and food scraps generated aboard
ship.
2.6
Plastic means a solid material
which contains as an essential ingredient one or more high molecular
mass polymers and which is formed (shaped) during either manufacture
of the polymer or the fabrication into a finished product by heat
and/or pressure. Plastics have material properties ranging from hard
and brittle to soft and elastic. For the purposes of this specification,
plastic means all garbage that consists of or includes plastic in
any form, including synthetic ropes, synthetic fishing nets, plastic
garbage bags and incinerator ashes from plastic products.
2.7
Domestic wastes means all types
of wastes not covered by Annexes to MARPOL that
are generated in the accommodation spaces on board the ship. Domestic
wastes does not include grey water.
2.8
Operational wastes means all
solid wastes (including slurries) not covered by Annexes to MARPOL that are collected on board during normal
maintenance or operations of a ship, or used for cargo stowage and
handling. Operational wastes also includes cleaning agents and additives
contained in cargo hold and external wash water. Operational wastes
does not include grey water, bilge water or other similar discharges
essential to the operation of a ship, taking into account the guidelines
developed by the Organization.
2.9
Oil residue (sludge) means the
residual waste oil products generated during the normal operation
of a ship such as those resulting from the purification of fuel or
lubricating oil for main or auxiliary machinery, separated waste oil
from oil filtering equipment, waste oil collected in drip trays, and
waste hydraulic and lubricating oils.
2.10
Oily rags means rags which have
been saturated with oil as controlled in Annex
I to MARPOL. Contaminated rags are rags which have been saturated
with a substance defined as a harmful substance in Annexes to MARPOL.
2.11
Cargo residues means the remnants
of any cargo which are not covered by Annexes to MARPOL and which remain on the deck or in holds following loading
or unloading, including loading and unloading excess or spillage,
whether in wet or dry condition or entrained in wash water but does
not include cargo dust remaining on the deck after sweeping or dust
on the external surfaces of the ship.
2.12
Fishing gear means any physical
device or part thereof or combination of items that may be placed
on or in the water or on the sea-bed with the intended purpose of
capturing or controlling for subsequent capture or harvesting, marine
or fresh water organisms.
3
MATERIALS AND MANUFACTURE
3.1 The materials used in the individual parts
of the incinerator are to be suitable for the intended application
with respect to heat resistance, mechanical properties, oxidation,
corrosion, etc. as in other auxiliary marine equipment.
3.2 Piping for fuel and oil residue (sludge) should
be seamless steel of adequate strength and to the satisfaction of
the Administration. Short lengths of steel, or annealed copper nickel,
nickel copper, or copper pipe and tubing may be used at the burners.
The use of non-metallic materials for fuel lines is prohibited. Valves
and fittings may be threaded in sizes up to and including 60 mm O.D.
(outside diameter), but threaded unions are not to be used on pressure
lines in sizes 33 mm O.D. and over.
3.3 All rotating or moving mechanical and exposed
electrical parts should be protected against accidental contact.
3.4 Incinerator walls are to be protected with
insulated fire bricks/refractory and a cooling system. Outside surface
temperature of the incinerator casing being touched during normal
operations should not exceed 20°C above ambient temperature.
3.5 Refractory should be resistant to thermal
shocks and resistant to normal ship's vibration. The refractory design
temperature should be equal to the combustion chamber design temperature
plus 20% (see paragraph 4.1).
3.6 Incinerating systems should be designed such
that corrosion will be minimized on the inside of the systems.
3.7 In systems equipped for incinerating liquid
wastes, safe ignition and maintenance of combustion should be ensured,
e.g. by a supplementary burner using gas oil/diesel oil or equivalent.
3.8 The combustion chamber(s) should be designed
for easy maintenance of all internal parts including the refractory
and insulation.
3.9 The combustion process should take place under
negative pressure which means that the pressure in the furnace under
all circumstances should be lower than the ambient pressure in the
room where the incinerator is installed. A flue gas fan may be fitted
to secure negative pressure.
3.10 The incinerating furnace may be charged with
solid waste either by hand or automatically. In every case, fire dangers
should be avoided and charging should be possible without danger to
the operating personnel.
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.1 For instance, where charging is carried out
by hand, a charging lock may be provided which ensures that the charging
space is isolated from the fire box as long as the filling hatch is
open.
-
.2 Where charging is not effected through a charging
lock, an interlock should be installed to prevent the charging door
from opening while the incinerator is in operation with burning of
garbage in progress or while the furnace temperature is above 220°C.
3.11 Incinerators equipped with a feeding sluice
or system should ensure that the material charged will move to the
combustion chamber. Such system should be designed such that both
operator and environment are protected from hazardous exposure.
3.12 Interlocks should be installed to prevent
ash removal doors from opening while burning is in progress or while
the furnace temperature is above 220°C.
3.13 The incinerator should be provided with a
safe observation port of the combustion chamber in order to provide
visual control of the burning process and waste accumulation in the
combustion chamber. Neither heat, flame, nor particles should be able
to pass through the observation port. An example of a safe observation
port is high-temperature glass with a metal closure.
3.14.1 Electrical installation requirements should
apply to all electrical equipment, including controls, safety devices,
cables, and burners and incinerators.
3.14.1.1 A disconnecting means capable of being
locked in the open position should be installed at an accessible location
at the incinerator so that the incinerator can be disconnected from
all sources of potential. This disconnecting means should be an integral
part of the incinerator or adjacent to it (see paragraph 5.1).
3.14.1.2 All uninsulated live metal parts should
be guarded to avoid accidental contact.
3.14.1.3 The electrical equipment should be so
arranged so that failure of this equipment will cause the fuel supply
to be shut off.
3.14.1.4 All electrical contacts of every safety
device installed in the control circuit should be electrically connected
in series. However, special consideration should be given to arrangements
when certain devices are wired in parallel.
3.14.1.5 All electrical components and devices
should have a voltage rating commensurate with the supply voltage
of the control system.
3.14.1.6 All electrical devices and electric equipment
exposed to the weather should meet the requirements of international
standards acceptable to the Organization.footnote
3.14.1.7 All electrical and mechanical control
devices should be of a type tested and accepted by a nationally recognized
testing agency, according to international standards.
3.14.1.8 The design of the control circuits should
be such that limit and primary safety controls should directly open
a circuit that functions to interrupt the supply of fuel to combustion
units.
3.14.2
Overcurrent
protection
3.14.2.1 Conductors for interconnecting wiring
that is smaller than the supply conductors should be provided with
overcurrent protection based on the size of the smallest interconnecting
conductors external to any control box, in accordance with the requirements
of international standards acceptable to the Organization.footnote
3.14.2.2 Overcurrent protection for interconnecting
wiring should be located at the point where the smaller conductors
connect to the larger conductors. However, overall overcurrent protection
is acceptable if it is sized on the basis of the smallest conductors
of the interconnecting wiring, or in accordance with the requirements
of international standards acceptable to the Organization.footnote
3.14.2.3 Overcurrent protection devices should
be accessible and their function should be identified.
3.14.3.1 All electric motors should have enclosures
corresponding to the environment where they are located, at least
IP 44, in accordance with the requirements of international standards
acceptable to the Organization.footnote
3.14.3.2 Motors should be provided with a corrosion-resistant
nameplate specifying information in accordance with the requirements
of international standards acceptable to the Organization.footnote
3.14.3.3 Motors should be provided with running
protection by means of integral thermal protection, by overcurrent
devices, or a combination of both in accordance with manufacturer's
instruction that should meet the requirements of international standards
acceptable to the Organization.footnote
3.14.3.4 Motors should be rated for continuous
duty and should be designed for an ambient temperature of 45°C
or higher.
3.14.3.5 All motors should be provided with terminal
leads or terminal screws in terminal boxes integral with, or secured
to, the motor frames.
3.14.4.1 When automatic electric ignition is provided,
it should be accomplished by means of either a high-voltage electric
spark, a high-energy electric spark, or a glow coil.
3.14.4.2 Ignition transformers should have an
enclosure corresponding to the environment where they are located,
at least IP 44 in accordance with the requirements of international
standards acceptable to the Organization.footnote
3.14.4.3 Ignition cable should meet the requirements
of international standards acceptable to the Organization.footnote
All wiring for incinerators should be rated and selected
in accordance with the requirements of international standards acceptable
to the Organization.footnote
3.14.6
Bonding
and grounding
3.14.6.1 Means should be provided for grounding
the major metallic frame or assembly of the incinerators.
3.14.6.2 Non-current carrying enclosures, frames
and similar parts of all electrical components and devices should
be bonded to the main frame or assembly of the incinerator. Electrical
components that are bonded by their installation do not require a
separate bonding conductor.
3.14.6.3 When an insulated conductor is used to
bond electrical components and devices, it should show a continuous
green colour, with or without a yellow stripe.
4.1 The incinerator system should be designed
and constructed for operation with the following conditions:
Maximum combustion
chamber flue gas outlet temperature
|
1,200°C
|
Minimum combustion
chamber flue gas outlet temperature
|
850°C
|
Preheat temperature of
combustion chamber
|
650°C
|
4.2 For batch loaded incinerators, there are no
preheating requirements. However, the incinerator should be designed
that the temperature in the actual combustion space should reach 600°C
within 5 minutes after start.
Prepurge, before ignition:
|
at least 4 air changes in the
chamber(s) and stack, but not less than 15 s.
|
Time between restarts:
|
at least 4 air changes in the
chamber(s) and stack, but not less than 15 s.
|
Postpurge, after shut-off fuel
oil:
|
not less than 15 s after the closing
of the fuel oil valve.
|
Incinerator discharge gases:
|
Minimum 6% O2 (measured in dry flue
gas).
|
4.3 Outside surface of combustion chamber(s) should
be shielded from contact such that people in normal work situations
will not be exposed to extreme heat (20°C above ambient temperature)
or direct contact of surface temperatures exceeding 60°C. Examples
for alternatives to accomplish this are a double jacket with an air
flow in between or an expanded metal jacket.
4.4 Incinerating systems are to be operated with
underpressure (negative pressure) in the combustion chamber such that
no gases or smoke can leak out to the surrounding areas.
4.5 The incinerator should have warning plates
attached in a prominent location on the unit, warning against unauthorized
opening of doors to combustion chamber(s) during operation and against
overloading the incinerator with garbage.
4.6 The incinerator should have instruction plate(s)
attached in a prominent location on the unit that clearly addresses
the following:
4.6.1 Cleaning ashes and slag from the combustion
chamber(s) and cleaning of combustion air openings before starting
the incinerator (where applicable).
4.6.2 Operating procedures and instructions. These
should include proper start-up procedures, normal shut-down procedures,
emergency shut-down procedures, and procedures for loading garbage
(where applicable).
4.7 To avoid building up of dioxins, the flue
gas should be shock-cooled to a maximum 350°C within 2.5 m from
the combustion chamber flue gas outlet.
5.1 The entire unit should be capable of being
disconnected from all sources of electricity by means of one disconnect
switch located near the incinerator (see paragraph 3.14.1.1).
5.2 There should be an emergency stop switch located
outside the compartment which stops all power to the equipment. The
emergency stop switch should also be able to stop all power to the
fuel pumps. If the incinerator is equipped with a flue gas fan, the
fan should be capable of being restarted independently of the other
equipment on the incinerator.
5.3 The control equipment should be so designed
that any failure of the following equipment will prevent continued
operations and cause the fuel supply to be cut off.
5.3.1
Safety
thermostat/draft failure
5.3.1.1 A flue gas temperature controller, with
a sensor placed in the flue gas duct, should be provided that will
shut down the burner if the flue gas temperature exceeds the temperature
set by the manufacturer for the specific design.
5.3.1.2 A combustion temperature controller, with
a sensor placed in the combustion chamber, should be provided that
will shut down the burner if the combustion chamber temperature exceeds
the maximum temperature.
5.3.1.3 A negative pressure switch should be provided
to monitor the draft and the negative pressure in the combustion chamber.
The purpose of this negative pressure switch is to ensure that there
is sufficient draft/negative pressure in the incinerator during operations.
The circuit to the program relay for the burner will be opened and
an alarm activated before the negative pressure rises to atmospheric
pressure.
5.3.2
Flame failure/fuel
oil pressure
5.3.2.1 The incinerator should have a flame safeguard
control consisting of a flame sensing element and associated equipment
for shut down of the unit in the event of ignition failure and flame
failure during the firing cycle. The flame safeguard control should
be so designed that the failure of any component will cause a safety
shut down.
5.3.2.2 The flame safeguard control should be
capable of closing the fuel valves in not more than 4 s after a flame
failure.
5.3.2.3 The flame safeguard control should provide
a trial-for-ignition period of not more than 10 s during which fuel
may be supplied to establish flame. If flame is not established within
10 s, the fuel supply to the burners should be immediately shut off
automatically.
5.3.2.4 Whenever the flame safeguard control has
operated because of failure of ignition, flame failure, or failure
of any component, only one automatic restart may be provided. If this
is not successful then manual reset of the flame safeguard control
should be required for restart.
5.3.2.5 Flame safeguard controls of the thermostatic
type, such as stack switches and pyrostats operated by means of an
open bimetallic helix, are prohibited.
5.3.2.6 If fuel oil pressure drops below that
set by the manufacturer, a failure and lock out of the program relay
should result. This also applies to an oil residue (sludge) burner
(applies where pressure is important for the combustion process or
a pump is not an integral part of the burner).
If there is a loss of power to the incinerator control/alarm
panel (not remote alarm panel), the system should shut down.
Two fuel control solenoid valves should be provided in series
in the fuel supply line to each burner. On multiple burner units,
a valve on the main fuel supply line and a valve at each burner will
satisfy this requirement. The valves should be connected electrically
in parallel so that both operate simultaneously.
5.5.1 An outlet for an audible alarm should be
provided for connection to a local alarm system or a central alarm
system. When a failure occurs, a visible indicator should show what
caused the failure (The indicator may cover more than one fault condition.).
5.5.2 The visible indicators should be designed
so that, where failure is a safety related shutdown, manual reset
is required.
5.6 After shutdown of the oil burner, provision
should be made for the fire box to cool sufficiently (as an example,
of how this may be accomplished, the exhaust fan or ejector could
be designed to continue to operate. This would not apply in the case
of an emergency manual trip).
A complete instruction and maintenance manual with drawings,
electric diagrams, spare parts list, etc. should be furnished with
each incinerator.
All devices and components should, as fitted in the ship,
be designed to operate when the ship is upright and when inclined
at any angle of list up to and including 15° either way under
static conditions and 22.5° under dynamic conditions (rolling)
either way and simultaneously inclined dynamically (pitching) 7.5°
by bow or stern.
6.3.1 Incinerators are to be fitted with an energy
source with sufficient energy to ensure a safe ignition and complete
combustion. The combustion is to take place at sufficient negative
pressure in the combustion chamber(s) to ensure no gases or smoke
leaking out to the surrounding areas (see paragraph 5.3.1.3).
6.3.2 A driptray is to be fitted under each burner
and under any pumps, strainers, etc. that require occasional examination.
An operating test for the prototype of each design should
be conducted, with a test report completed indicating results of all
tests. The tests should be conducted to ensure that all of the control
components have been properly installed and that all parts of the
incinerator, including controls and safety devices, are in satisfactory
operating condition. Tests should include those described in paragraph
7.3 below.
For each unit, if preassembled, an operating test should
be conducted to ensure that all of the control components have been
properly installed and that all parts of the incinerator, including
controls and safety devices, are in satisfactory operating condition.
Tests should include those described in paragraph 7.3 below.
An operating test after installation should be conducted
to ensure that all of the control components have been properly installed
and that all parts of the incinerator, including controls and safety
devices, are in satisfactory operating condition. The requirements
for prepurge and time between restarts referred to in paragraph 4.1
should be verified at the time of the installation test.
7.3.1 Flame safeguard. The operation of the flame
safeguard system should be verified by causing flame and ignition
failures. Operation of the audible alarm (where applicable) and visible
indicator should be verified. The shutdown times should be verified.
7.3.2 Limit controls. Shutdown due to the operation
of the limit controls should be verified.
7.3.2.1 Oil pressure limit control. The lowering
of the fuel oil pressure below the value required for safe combustion
should initiate a safety shutdown.
7.3.2.2 Other interlocks. Other interlocks provided
should be tested for proper operation as specified by the unit manufacturer.
7.3.3 Combustion controls. The combustion controls
should be stable and operate smoothly.
7.3.4 Programming controls. Programming controls
should be verified as controlling and cycling the unit in the intended
manner. Proper prepurge, ignition, postpurge, and modulation should
be verified. A stopwatch should be used for verifying intervals of
time.
7.3.5 Fuel supply controls. The satisfactory operation
of the two fuel control solenoid valves for all conditions of operation
and shutdown should be verified.
7.3.6 Low voltage test. A low voltage test should
be conducted on the incinerator unit to satisfactorily demonstrate
that the fuel supply to the burners will be automatically shut off
before an incinerator malfunction results from the reduced voltage.
7.3.7 Switches. All switches should be tested
to verify proper operation.
Manufacturer's certification that an incinerator has been
constructed in accordance with this standard should be provided (by
letter, certificate, or in the instruction manual).
Each incinerator should be permanently marked, indicating:
-
.1 manufacturer's name or trademark
-
.2 style, type, model or other manufacturer's
designation for the incinerator.
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.3 capacity – to be indicated by net designed
heat release of the incinerator in heat units per timed period; for
example, British Thermal Units per hour, megajoules per hour, kilocalories
per hour.
Incinerators should be designed, manufactured and tested
in a manner that ensures they meet the requirements of this Specification.