Annex - Revised Guidelines for the Design and Approval of Fixed Water-Based Fire-Fighting Systems for Ro-Ro Spaces and Special Category Spaces

1 General

1.1 These Guidelines and fire tests are intended for the design and approval of fixed water-based fire-fighting systems for open and closed ro-ro spaces and special category spaces defined in SOLAS regulations II-2/3.12, II-2/3.13, II-2/3.35, II-2/3.36, II-2/3.46 and II-2/3.49. Deluge systems can be applied on open ro-ro spaces when the actual wind condition is taken into consideration, for example through the use of high velocity nozzles. Systems using automatic sprinklers or nozzles are only permitted for closed ro-ro and special category spaces or other spaces where wind conditions are not likely to affect system performance.

1.2 These Guidelines are intended to replace both the prescriptive requirements of resolution A.123(V) for conventional water spray systems and the performance-based requirements of the guidelines (MSC.1/Circ.1272) for automatic sprinkler and deluge systems. All systems should comply with sections 1, 2 and 3. In addition, prescriptive-based systems should comply with section 4, and performance-based systems should comply with section 5.

2 Definitions

2.1 Area of operation is a design area for wet-pipe, automatic sprinkler system (to be determined for performance-based systems by the test procedure described in the appendix to these Guidelines).

2.2 Automatic sprinkler or nozzle is a single or multiple orifice water discharge device that activates automatically when its heat-activated element is heated to its thermal rating or above, allowing water under pressure to discharge in a specific, directional discharge pattern.

2.3 Automatic system is a system utilizing either automatic sprinklers or nozzles or a system that is automatically activated by a fire detection system.

2.4 Deluge system, automatic and manual release is a system employing open nozzles attached to a piping system connected to a water supply through a valve that can be opened by signals from a fire detection system and by manual operation. When this valve is opened, water flows into the piping system and discharges from all nozzles attached thereto.

2.5 Deluge system, manual release is a system employing open nozzles attached to a piping system connected to a water supply through a valve that is opened by manual operation. When this valve is opened, water flows into the piping system and discharges from all nozzles attached thereto.

2.6 Dry pipe system is a system employing automatic sprinklers or nozzles attached to a piping system containing air or nitrogen under pressure, the release of which (as from the activation of a sprinkler or nozzle by heat from a fire) permits the water pressure to open a valve known as a dry pipe valve. The water then flows into the piping and discharges from the open nozzles or sprinklers.

2.7 Fire control limits the size of a fire by distribution of water so as to decrease the heat release rate, while controlling ceiling gas temperatures and pre-wetting adjacent combustibles and/or reducing heat radiation to avoid structural damage.

2.8 Fire suppression is the sharp reduction of the heat release rate of a fire and the prevention of regrowth.

2.9 K-factor is a sprinkler nozzle discharge coefficient determined by testing, that is used to calculate flow rate at any given pressure through the relationship Q = k P ^1/2, where Q is the flow rate in litres per minute, and P is the pressure in bars.

2.10 Open sprinkler or nozzle is an open single or multiple orifice water discharge device that, when discharging water under pressure, will distribute the water in a specific, directional discharge pattern.

2.11 Performance-based requirements are based on the results of fire tests conducted on specific nozzle design and arrangements. The required engineering parameters for such systems are determined by the results of the fire tests.

2.12 Prescriptive based requirements are specific requirements, such as minimum water discharge density or maximum nozzle spacing, and are applied equally to all systems designed to this approach.

2.13 Pump means a single water pump, with its associated driver and control or an individual pump within a pump unit.

2.14 Pump unit means a single water pump, or two or more pumps connected together to form a unit, with their associated driver(s) and controls.

2.15 Pre-action system is a system employing automatic sprinklers or nozzles attached to a piping system containing air that may or may not be under pressure, with a supplemental fire detection system installed in the same area as the sprinklers or nozzles. Activation of the fire detection system opens a valve that permits water to flow into the system piping and to be discharged from any sprinkler or nozzle that has operated.

2.16 Water-based extinguishing medium is fresh water or seawater, with or without an antifreeze solution and/or additives to enhance fire-extinguishing capability.

2.17 Water discharge density is the unit rate of water application to an area or surface expressed in mm/min (equal to (l/min)/m²).

2.18 Wet pipe system is a system employing automatic sprinklers or nozzles attached to a piping system containing water and connected to a water supply so that water discharges immediately from sprinklers or nozzles opened by heat from a fire.

3 Principal requirements for all systems

3.1 The system may be automatically activated, automatically activated with provisions for manual activation or manually activated.

3.2 All systems should be divided into sections. Each section should be capable of being isolated by one section control valve. The section control valves should be located outside the protected space, be readily accessible without entering the protected spaces and their locations should be clearly and permanently indicated.

3.2.1 It should be possible to manually open and close the section control valves either directly on the valve or via a control system routed outside of the protected spaces. Means should be provided to prevent the operation of the section control valves by an unauthorized person. Control valve locations should be adequately ventilated to minimize the build-up of smoke.

3.2.2 A continuously manned control station and release station(s) for deluge systems should have remote indication of pump running and pressure in valve manifold. For deluge systems, release stations with controls for start and stop of pump(s) and operation (opening and closing) of section control valves should be provided in the valve room and in a continuously manned control station or the safety centre, if fitted. Remote indication of position of valves (open/closed) should be provided in the continuously manned control station or the safety centre, if fitted.

3.3 The piping system should be sized in accordance with a hydraulic calculation technique^footnote such as the Hazen-Williams hydraulic calculation technique or the Darcy-Weisbach hydraulic calculation technique, to ensure the availability of the flows and pressures required for correct performance of the system. The design of the system should ensure that full system pressure is available at the most remote sprinkler or nozzle in each section within 60 s of activation.

3.4 The system supply equipment should be located outside the protected spaces and all power supply components (including cables) should be installed outside of the protected space. The electrical components of the pressure source for the system should have a minimum rating of IP 54.

3.5 Activation of an automatic system should give a visual and audible alarm at a continuously manned station. The alarm in the continuously manned station should indicate the specific section of the system that is activated. The system alarm requirements described within this paragraph are in addition to, and not a substitute for, the detection and fire alarm system required by SOLAS regulation II-2/20.4.

3.6 Wet pipe systems on board vessels that can operate in areas where temperatures below 0°C can be expected, should be protected from freezing either by having temperature control of the space, heating coils on pipes, antifreeze agents or other equivalent measures.

3.7 The capacity of the system water supply should be sufficient for the total simultaneous coverage of the minimum coverage area of tables 4-1 to 4-3 and 5-1 and the vertically applicable area as defined in paragraph 3.22.

3.8 The system should be provided with a redundant means of pumping or otherwise supplying a water-based extinguishing medium to the system. The capacity of the redundant means should be sufficient to compensate for the loss of any single supply pump or alternative source. Failure of any one component in the power and control system should not result in a reduction of required pump capacity of deluge systems. In the case of wet pipe, dry pipe and pre-action systems, failure of any one component in the power and control system should not result in a reduction of the automatic release capability or reduction of required pump capacity by more than 50%. However, systems requiring an external power source need only be supplied by the main power source. Hydraulic calculations should be conducted to assure that sufficient flow and pressure are delivered to the hydraulically most demanding section both in normal operation and in the event of the failure of any one component.

3.9 The system should be fitted with a permanent sea inlet and be capable of continuous operation during a fire using sea water.

3.10 The system and its components should be designed to withstand ambient temperatures, vibration, humidity, shock, impact, clogging and corrosion normally encountered. Piping, pipe fittings and related components except gaskets inside the protected spaces should be designed to withstand 925°C. Distribution piping should be constructed of galvanized steel, stainless steel, or equivalent. Sprinklers and nozzles should comply with paragraph 3.11.

3.11 The system and its components should be designed and installed based on international standards acceptable to the Organization.^footnote The nozzles should be manufactured and tested based on the relevant sections of appendix A to circular MSC/Circ.1165 (Revised Guidelines for the approval of equivalent water-based fire-extinguishing systems for machinery spaces and cargo pump-rooms).

3.12 A means for testing the automatic operation of the system and, in addition, assuring the required pressure and flow should be provided.

3.13 If the system is pre-primed with water containing a fire suppression enhancing additive and/or an antifreeze agent, periodic inspection and testing, as specified by the manufacturer, should be undertaken to ensure that their effectiveness is being maintained. Fire suppression enhancing additives should be approved for fire protection service by an independent authority. The approval should consider possible adverse health effects to exposed personnel, including inhalation toxicity.

3.14 Operating instructions for the system should be displayed at each operating position.

3.15 Installation plans and operating manuals should be supplied to the ship and be readily available on board. A list or plan should be displayed showing spaces covered and the location of the zone in respect of each section. Instructions for testing and maintenance should be available on board.

3.16 Spare parts should be provided as recommended by the manufacturer. In the case of automatic sprinkler systems, the total number of spare sprinkler heads for each type of sprinklers shall be six for the first 300, 12 for the first 1,000.

3.17 Where automatic systems are installed, a warning notice should be displayed outside each entry point stating the type of medium used (i.e. water) and the possibility of automatic release.

3.18 All installation, operation and maintenance instruction/plans for the system should be in the working language of the ship. If the working language of the ship is not English, French or Spanish, a translation into one of these languages should be included.

3.19 Any foam concentrates used as system additives should comply with the Revised guidelines for the performance and testing criteria and surveys of foam concentrates for fixed fire-extinguishing systems (MSC.1/Circ.1312).

3.20 Means for flushing of systems with fresh water should be provided.

3.21 The presence of obstructions and the potential for shielding of the water spray should be evaluated to ensure that the system performance is not affected. Supplementary sprinklers or nozzles should be installed beneath obstructions. In addition, nozzles should be located to protect spaces above and below intermediate decks, hoistable decks and ramps. Nozzles below hoistable decks should be capable of protecting all applicable heights.

3.22 Vertically the applicable area of all decks, including hoistable decks or other intermediate decks, between reasonably gas-tight steel decks (or equivalent materials), should be included for simultaneous coverage (example: with one hoistable deck, both the layer above and below this deck with a dimensioning area complying with tables 4-1 to 4-3 or 5-1 should be included in the water supply calculations). Decks with ramps are accepted as reasonably gas-tight decks assuming that the ramps are always in their closed position at sea and the ramps and the decks which these ramps are part of are reasonably gas-tight.

3.23 The length of a deluge section (along the lanes) should not be less than 20 m and the width of the section should not be less than 14 m. Further, the sections need not be longer or wider than the distance between reasonably gas-tight steel bulkheads (or equivalent materials). The maximum size of a section on any single deck should be 48 m multiplied by the width of cargo space (measured as distance between tight steel divisions). Vertically one section can cover up to three decks.

4 Additional prescriptive-based system design requirements

In addition to the requirements in section 3, systems designed with this approach should comply with paragraphs 4.1 to 4.10.

4.1 Wet pipe, dry pipe and pre-action systems should be designed for simultaneous coverage of the hydraulically most demanding area at the minimum water discharge density given in tables 4-1 to 4-3. The minimum operating pressure of any sprinkler should be 0.05 MPa.

4.2 Deluge systems should be designed for the simultaneous activation of the two adjacent deluge sections with the greatest hydraulic demand at the minimum water discharge density given in tables 4-1 to 4-3. The minimum operating pressure of any sprinkler should be 0.12 MPa.

Table 4-1 Minimum required water discharge density and area of coverage for decks having a free height equal to or less than 2.5 m

Type of system	Minimum water discharge density (mm/min)	Minimum coverage area
Wet pipe system	6.5	280 m²
Dry pipe or pre-action system	6.5	280 m²
Deluge system	5	2 × 20m x B¹

Table 4-2 Minimum required water discharge density and area of coverage for decks having a free height in excess of 2.5 m but less than 6.5 m

Type of system	Minimum water discharge density (mm/min)	Minimum coverage area
Wet pipe system	15	280 m²
Dry pipe or pre-action system	15	365 m²
Deluge system	10	2 × 20 m x B¹

Table 4-3 Minimum required water discharge density and area of coverage for decks having a free height in excess of 6.5 m but less than 9.0 m

Type of system	Minimum water discharge density (mm/min)	Minimum coverage area
Wet pipe system	20	280 m²
Dry pipe or pre-action system	20	365 m²
Deluge system	15	2 × 20 m x B¹

¹ B = full breadth of the protected space.

4.3 Automatic sprinklers or nozzles intended for decks with a free height equal to or less than 2.5 m should have a nominal operating temperature range between 57°C and 79°C and standard response characteristics. If required by ambient conditions, higher temperature ratings may be acceptable.

4.4 Automatic sprinklers or nozzles intended for decks with a free height in excess of 2.5 m and hoistable decks that can be raised above 2.5 m should have a nominal operating temperature range between 121°C and 149°C and standard response characteristics.

4.5 Sprinklers or nozzles should be positioned in such a way that:

.1 they are not exposed to damage by cargo;
.2 undisturbed spray is ensured; and
.3 water is distributed over and between all vehicles or cargo in the area being protected.

Automatic sprinklers or nozzles should be positioned and located so as to provide satisfactory performance with respect to both activation time and water distribution.

4.6 Only upright sprinklers or nozzles are allowed for dry pipe or pre-action systems.

4.7 For wet pipe and dry pipe sprinkler systems, fire detection systems should be installed in accordance with the requirements of SOLAS regulation II-2/20.4.

4.8 For manual deluge systems, automatic deluge systems and pre-action systems, fire detection systems should be provided complying with the International Code for Fire Safety Systems (FSS Code) and the following additional requirements:

.1 the detection system should consist of flame, smoke or heat detectors of approved types, arranged as described below. The flame detectors should be installed under fixed continuous decks according to the limitation and application defined by the maker and the approval certificate. The smoke and heat detector arrangement shall comply with the FSS Code. Smoke detectors with a spacing not exceeding 11 m or heat detectors with a spacing not exceeding 9 m should be installed under hoistable ramps;
.2 the detection system should ensure rapid operation while consideration should also be given to preventing accidental release. The area of coverage of the detection system sections should correspond to the area of coverage of the extinguishing system sections. The following arrangements are acceptable:
- .1 set-up of approved flame detectors and approved smoke detectors or heat detectors; or
- .2 set-up of approved smoke detectors and approved heat detectors; other arrangements can be accepted by the Administration;
.3 for automatic deluge systems and pre-action systems, the discharge of water should be controlled by the detection system. The detection system should provide an alarm upon activation of any single detector and discharge if two or more detectors activate. The Administration may accept other arrangements; and
.4 automatically released systems should also be capable of manual operation (both opening and closing) of the section valves. Means should be provided to prevent the simultaneous release of multiple sections that result in water-flow demand in excess of the pumping system design capacity. The automatic release may be disconnected during on- and off-loading operations, provided that this function is automatically reconnected after a pre-set time being appropriate for the operations in question.

4.9 Where beams project more than 100 mm below the deck, the spacing of spot-type heat detectors at right angles to the direction of the beam travel should not be more than two thirds of the spacing permitted under chapter 9 of the FSS Code.

4.10 Where beams project more than 460 mm below the deck and are more than 2.4 m on centre, detectors should be installed in each bay formed by the beams.

5 Additional performance-based system design requirements

In addition to the requirements in section 3, systems designed with this approach should comply with paragraphs 5.1 to 5.6.

5.1 The system should be capable of fire suppression and control and be tested to the satisfaction of the Administration in accordance with the appendix to these Guidelines.

5.2 The nozzle location, type of nozzle and nozzle characteristics should be within the limits tested to provide fire suppression and control as referred to in paragraph 5.1.

5.3 System designs should be limited to the use of the maximum and minimum temperature ratings of the thermally sensitive fire detection devices tested to provide fire suppression and control as referred to in paragraph 5.1.

5.4 The capacity of the system water supply should be sufficient for the total simultaneous coverage of the minimum coverage area of table 5-1 and the vertically applicable area as defined in paragraph 3.22, and the requirements of paragraph 5.5.

Table 5-1 Minimum coverage area per type of system

Type of system (Definition number)	Minimum coverage area
A. Wet pipe, automatic sprinkler heads (2.18)	280 m² or area of operation as defined in the fire tests - whichever is larger
B. Deluge system, automatic¹ and manual release (2.4)	280 m² and the overlapping or adjacent section as defined by paragraph 5.5²
C. Deluge system, manual release (2.5)	2 sections each of min 20 m x B^2,3
D. Other systems (2.6, 2.15)	Equivalent to the above systems and to the satisfaction of the Administration

¹ The automatic release should comply with the requirements of paragraph 5.6.

² The pump should be sized to cover the largest section for type B systems and the two largest horizontally adjacent sections for type C systems.

³ B = full breadth of the protected space.

5.5 The section arrangement for a deluge system with automatic and manual release (system B) should be such that a fire in any location of the border zone between two or more sections would be completely surrounded by activated spray heads, either by activating more than one section or by overlapping sections (whereby two or more sections cover the same area in the vicinity of the border between sections). In case of overlapping sections, such overlap should be a minimum of two times the required spray head spacing of the section in question or five metres, whichever is larger. These overlapping sections need not comply with the minimum width and length requirements of paragraph 3.23.

5.6 For systems of type B (see table 5-1) an efficient fire detection and fire confirmation system covering all parts of the ro-ro or special category spaces should be provided as follows:

.1 the fire detection system shall consist of flame detectors and smoke detectors of approved types. The flame detectors shall be installed under fixed continuous decks according to the limitation and application defined by the maker and the approval certificate. The smoke detector arrangement shall comply with the FSS Code. Additional smoke detectors with a spacing not exceeding 11 m shall be installed under hoistable ramps;
.2 a colour TV monitoring system should cover all parts of the ro-ro or special category spaces. Cameras need not be installed below hoistable decks if the camera arrangement can identify smoke (confirm fire) based on positions under a fixed continuous deck. The monitors for the colour TV monitoring system should be located in the continuously manned control station having the controls for section control valves and start/stop control of pumps addressed under 3.2.2; and
.3 the relevant section of the deluge system should be automatically released when two detectors covering this area activate. Systems being released when only one detector activates may also be accepted. Automatically released systems should also be capable of manual operation (both opening and closing) of the section valves. The automatic release may be disconnected during on- and off-loading operations, provided that this function is automatically reconnected after a preset time being appropriate for the operations in question.