Informative Material 5 - QUICK LASHING GUIDE - Cargo securing on CTUs for transports on Road, Combined Rail and in Sea Area A, B & C
Clasification Society 2024 - Version 9.40
Statutory Documents - IMO Publications and Documents - International Codes - CTU Code - IMO/ILO/UNECE Code of Practice for Packing of Cargo Transport Units - Informative Material Related to the IMO/ILO/UNECE Code Of Practice For Packing Of Cargo Transport Units (CTU Code) - Informative Material 5 - QUICK LASHING GUIDE - Cargo securing on CTUs for transports on Road, Combined Rail and in Sea Area A, B & C

Informative Material 5 - QUICK LASHING GUIDE - Cargo securing on CTUs for transports on Road, Combined Rail and in Sea Area A, B & C

 

Sea Areas

     
  A B C  
  Hs ≤ 8 m 8 m < Hs ≤ 12 m Hs > 12 m  
  Baltic Sea (incl. Kattegat)

Mediterranean Sea

Black Sea

Red Sea

Persian Gulf

Coastal or inter–island voyages in following areas:

Central Atlantic Ocean (between 30°N and 35°S)

Central Indian Ocean (down to 35°S)

Central Pacific Ocean (between 30°N and 35°S)

North Sea

Skagerak

English Channel

Sea of Japan

Sea of Okhotsk

Coastal or inter-island voyages in following areas:

South-Central Atlantic Ocean (between 35°S and 40°S)

South-Central Indian Ocean (between 35°S and 40°S)

South-Central Pacific Ocean (between 35°S and 45°S)

unrestricted  
     
CONTENT Chapter/Section/Subsection
CARGO SECURING METHODS 1
Blocking and Bracing 1.1
Top-over lashing 1.2
Half-loop lashing 1.3
Straight lashing 1.4
Spring lashing 1.5
BASIC CARGO SECURING REQUIREMENTS 2
Non – rigid goods 2.1
Rolling units 2.2
Bottom blocking 2.3
Supporting edge beam 2.4
Blocking against the doors 2.4
Nailing 2.6
SLIDING - FRICTION 3
TIPPING – DIMENSIONS 4
CARGO SECURING EQUIMENT 5
Labelling 5.1
Maximum Securing Load (MSL) 5.2
Lashing eyes 5.3
CONVERSION FACTORS FOR OTHER TYPES OF LASHING EQUIPMENT 6
REQUIRED NUMBER OF LASHINGS 7
CARGO STOWED IN MORE THAN ONE LAYER 8
Method 1 (simple) 8.1
Method 2 (advanced) 8.2
ALTERNATIVE METHODS 9
 
QUICK LASHING GUIDE A 10
GENERAL REMARKS 10.1
WEBBING 10.2
Top-over lashing 10.2.1
Half-loop lashing 10.2.2
Straight lashing 10.2.3
Spring lashing 10.2.4
TAG WASHERS AND NAILS 10.3
QUICK LASHING GUIDE B 11
GENERAL REMARKS 11.1
WEBBING 11.2
Top-over lashing 11.2.1
Half-loop lashing 11.2.2
Straight lashing 11.2.3
Spring lashing 11.2.4
CHAIN 11.3
Top-over lashing 11.3.1
Half-loop lashing 11.3.2
Straight lashing 11.3.3
Spring lashing 11.3.4
STEEL STRAPPING 11.4
Top-over lashing 11.4.1
Half-loop lashing 11.4.2
Straight lashing 11.4.3
Spring lashing 11.4.4
WIRE 11.5
Top-over lashing 11.5.1
Half-loop lashing 11.5.2
Straight lashing 11.5.3
Spring lashing 11.5.4
TAG WASHERS AND NAILS 11.6
 
QUICK LASHING GUIDE C 12
GENERAL REMARKS 12.1
WEBBING 12.2
Top-over lashing 12.2.1
Half-loop lashing 12.2.2
Straight lashing 12.2.3
Spring lashing 12.2.4
CHAIN 12.3
Top-over lashing 12.3.1
Half-loop lashing 12.3.2
Straight lashing 12.3.3
Spring lashing 12.3.4
STEEL STRAPPING 12.4
Top-over lashing 12.4.1
Half-loop lashing 12.4.2
Straight lashing 12.4.3
Spring lashing 12.4.4
WIRE 12.5
Top-over lashing 12.5.1
Half-loop lashing 12.5.2
Straight lashing 12.5.3
Spring lashing 12.5.4
TAG WASHERS AND NAILS 12.6

1 Cargo Securing Methods

Goods should be prevented from sliding and tipping in forward, backward and sideways directions by locking, blocking, lashing or a combination of these methods.

1.1 Blocking and Bracing

1.1.1 Blocking means that the cargo is stowed against fixed blocking structures and fixtures on the CTU. Clumps, wedges, dunnage, stanchions, inflatable dunnage bags and other devices which are supported directly or indirectly by fixed blocking structures are also considered as blocking.

1.1.2 Blocking is primarily a method to prevent the cargo from sliding, but if the blocking reaches high enough, it also prevents tipping. Blocking is the primary method for cargo securing and should be used as far as possible.

1.1.3 The sum of void spaces in any horizontal direction should not exceed 15 cm. However, between dense rigid cargo items, such as steel, concrete or stone, the void spaces should be further minimized, as far as possible.

1.2 Top–over lashing When using the tables for top–over lashing the angle between the lashing and the platform bed is of great importance. The tables are valid for an angle between 75 to 90. If the angle is between 30 to 75 twice the number of lashings are needed (alternatively the table values are halved). If the angle is less than 30, another cargo securing method should be used.

Top–over lashings preventing tipping forward and backward should be placed symmetrically on the cargo.

1.3 Half-loop lashing A pair of half-loop lashings prevents cargo from sliding and tipping sideways. Minimum one pair of half-loop lashings per section should be used.

For tipping half the Maximum Securing Load (MSL) value should be used for design purposes.

When long cargo units are secured with half-loop lashings, at least two pairs should be used to prevent the cargo from twisting.

1.4 Straight lashing

The tables are valid for an angle of 30° to 60° between the lashing and the platform bed.

Sideways and lengthways the lashing angle should also lie between 30° to 60°.

The allowable areas for fixing the lashings on the cargo unit are bounded by straight lines (one for each side), drawn through the centre of gravity in an angle of 45°.

When the lashings are fixed above the centre of gravity, the unit may also have to be blocked at the bottom to prevent sliding.

1.5 Spring lashing

1.5.1 A spring lashing is used to prevent cargo from sliding and tipping forward or backward.

1.5.2 The values in the tables for spring lashings are valid when the diagonal parts of the lashing are close to parallel to the long sides of the CTU

1.5.3 The angle between the lashing and the platform bed should be maximum 45°.

1.5.4 There are a number of ways to apply spring lashings, as illustrated below.

1.5.5 Observe:

  • alternative A is not fully effective for tipping avoidance;

  • alternative C has two parts per side and thus secures twice the cargo mass given in the lashing tables.

1.5.6 If the spring lashing does not act on the top of the cargo the mass prevented from tipping is decreased, e.g. if the spring lashing acts at half the cargo height, it secures half the cargo mass given in the tipping tables.

1.5.7 For cargo units with the centre of gravity above their half height, the table values for tipping should be halved.

1.5.8 To prevent tipping, the spring lashing should be dimensioned for the mass of the outer section only.

2 Basic Cargo Securing Requirements

2.1 Non–rigid goods

If the goods are not rigid in form (bags, bales etc.) more lashings than prescribed in this quick lashing guide may be needed.

2.2 Rolling units If rolling units are not blocked, chocks with a height of at least 1/3 of the radius should be used.

If the unit is secured by lashings ensuring that the unit cannot roll over the chocks, the chock height need not to be greater than 20 cm.

2.3 Bottom blocking

Bottom blocking preventing cargo from sliding should have a height of at least 5 cm, if the cargo is not prevented from climbing over the blocking by suitable lashings.

2.4 Supporting edge beam In some cases fewer lashings are needed than the number of sections that are to be secured. Since each unit should be secured, the lashing effect may in these cases be spread out by supporting edge beams. For each end section one lashing should be used as well as at least one lashing per every other section.

These edge beams can be manufactured profiles or deals (minimum 25x100 mm) nailed together.

2.5 Blocking against the doors

When the door end of a CTU is designed to provide a defined wall resistance (e.g. the doors of a general cargo container) the doors may be considered as a strong cargo space boundary and used for cargo securing, provided the cargo is stowed to avoid impact loads to the door end and to prevent the cargo from falling out when the doors are opened.

2.6 Nailing Nailing to the floor should not be done unless agreed with the CTU supplier.

3 Sliding - Friction

3.1 Different material contacts have different friction factors (μ). The table below shows recommended values for the friction factor (92.5% of the static friction). The values are valid provided that both contact surfaces are "swept clean" and free from any impurities. In case of direct lashings, where the cargo may move a little before the elongation of the lashings provides the desired restraint force, the dynamic friction applies, which should be taken as 75% of the friction factor. This effect is included in the lashing tables.

Material combination in contact surface Friction factor μ
Dry Wet
SAWN TIMBER/WOODEN PALLET
Sawn timber/wooden pallet – fabric base laminate / plywood 0.45 0.45
Sawn timber/wooden pallet – grooved aluminium 0.4 0.4
Sawn timber/wooden pallet – stainless steel sheet 0.3 0.3
Sawn timber/wooden pallet – shrink film 0.3 0.3
PLANED WOOD
Planed wood – fabric base laminate / plywood 0.3 0.3
Planed wood – grooved aluminium 0.25 0.25
Planed wood – stainless steel sheet 0.2 0.2
PLASTIC PALLETS
Plastic pallet – fabric base laminate / plywood 0.2 0.2
Plastic pallet – grooved aluminium 0.15 0.15
Plastic pallet – stainless steel sheet 0.15 0.15
CARDBOARD (UNTREATED)
Cardboard – cardboard 0.5 -
Cardboard – wooden pallet 0.5 -
BIG BAG
Big bag – wooden pallet 0.4 -
STEEL AND SHEET METAL
Unpainted metal with rough surface – unpainted rough metal 0.4 -
Painted metal with rough surface – painted rough metal 0.3 -
Unpainted metal with smooth surface – unpainted smooth metal 0.2 -
Painted metal with smooth surface – painted smooth metal 0.2 -
STEEL CRATES
Steel crate – fabric base laminates / plywood 0.45 0.45
Steel crate – grooved aluminium 0.3 0.3
Steel crate – stainless steel 0.2 0.2
CONCRETE
Concrete with rough surface – sawn timber 0.7 0.7
Concrete with smooth surface – sawn timber 0.55 0.55
ANTI–SLIP MATERIAL
Rubber against other materials when contact surfaces are clean 0.6 0.6
Materials other than rubber against other materials as certified

3.2 Friction factors (μ) should be applicable to the actual conditions of transport. When a combination of contact surfaces is missing in the table above or if its friction factor cannot be verified in another way the maximum allowable friction factor of 0.3 should be used. If the surfaces are not swept clean, the maximum allowable friction factor of 0.3 or, when lower, the value in the table should be used. If the surface contacts are not free from frost, ice and snow a static friction factor of 0.2 should be used, unless the table shows a lower value. For oily and greasy surfaces or when slip sheets have been used a friction factor of 0.1 applies.footnote

4 Tipping - Dimensions

The dimensions H, B and L as indicated to the right should be used in the tables for tipping for cargo units with centres of gravity close to their geometrical centres.

Single cargo item

A section of a load showing 2 layers and 3 rows

The dimensions H, B and L as indicated to the left should be used in the tables for tipping for cargo units with centres of gravity away from their geometrical centres.

For defining required number of lashings to prevent tipping, H/B and H/L should be calculated. The obtained values should be rounded up to the nearest higher value shown in the tables.

5 Cargo Securing Equipment

5.1 Labelling

5.1.1 Cargo securing equipment may be labelled with one or more of the following quantities:

  • MSL = Maximum Securing Load

  • LC = Lashing Capacity (generally used for road transport in Europe)

  • STF= Standard Tension Force = Pre-tension

  • BS = Breaking Strength

5.1.2 The unit daN, where 1 daN = 1 kg, is sometimes used to indicate the LC and STF for cargo securing equipment. BS and MSL are usually stated in kN, kg or tonnes.

5.2 Maximum Securing Load, MSL

5.2.1 During sea transport the cargo securing arrangements are designed with respect to the MSL in the equipment.

5.2.2 If labelling of MSL is missing MSL is primarily taken as LC when dimensioning according to the tables in this Quick Lashing Guide.

5.2.3 Alternatively the MSL for different types of equipment is calculated from the BS, according to the table below:

Equipment MSL
Web lashing, reusable 50% of BS
Web lashing, single use 75% *) of BS
Chain lashing (class 8), speed lash, turnbuckle 50% of BS
Wire, new 80% of BS
Wire, used 30% of BS
Steel strapping 70% of BS
Tag washer 50% of BS
Air bag, reusable 50% of BS
Airbag, single use 75% of BS
*) Maximum 9% elongation at MSL

5.2.4 If labelling of the pre-tension force is missing 10% of BS, although not more than 1,000 kg, may be used as pre-tension when dimensioning according to the tables in this Quick Lashing Guide.

5.3 Lashing eyes

The lashing eyes should have at least the same strength in MSL as the lashings. For a half-loop lashing the lashing eye should have at least the strength of 1.4  MSL of the lashing if both ends of the lashing are fixed to the same eye.

6 Conversion Factors for Other Types of Lashing Equipment

6.1 For lashing equipment with MSL and pre-tension other than those shown in tables in this quick lashing guide, the table values should be multiplied by a conversion factor corresponding to the actual lashing method and type of equipment (see the table below). All values used should be taken in daN, where 1 daN ≈ 1 kg.

Lashing method Webbing Chain Steel strapping Wire
Top-over lashing Pre-tension*/400 Pre-tension*/1,000 Pre-tension*/240 Pre-tension*/1,000
Half-loop lashing MSL*/2,000 MSL*/5,000 MSL*/1,700 MSL*/9,100
Spring lashing
Straight lashing
* Pre-tension and MSL are the values for the lashing equipment intended to be used

6.2 Example: A cargo unit is intended to be transported in Sea Area C. How many tons are prevented from sliding sideways by a pair of half-loop web lashings with MSL 4 ton, if the friction factor is 0.3? The quick lashing guide shows that a pair of half-loop web lashings with MSL 2,000 daN prevents 4.3 tonnes of cargo from sliding sideways in Sea Area C, when the friction factor is 0.3.

MSL for the current web lashing is 4 tonnes ≈ 4,000 daN.

6.3 According to the table above, the conversion factor for half-loop lashings is; MSL/2,000 = 4,000/2,000 = 2. The cargo mass prevented from sliding according to the lashing table should be multiplied by the conversion factor and each pair of half-loop web lashings thus prevents 2 × 4.3 = 8.6 tonnes of cargo from sliding sideways. This means that the cargo mass is prevented from sliding by a pair of half-loop lashings can be doubled when the MSL value for the lashing is doubled as long as the lashing eyes are strong enough.

7 Required Number of Lashings

7.1 The lashing tables in this quick lashing guide show the cargo mass in tonne (1,000 kg) prevented from sliding or tipping per lashing. The values in the tables are rounded to two significant figures.

7.2 The required number of lashings to prevent sliding and tipping should be calculated by the help of the tables on the following pages according to the following procedure:

  • .1 calculate the required number of lashings to prevent sliding;

  • .2 calculate the required number of lashings to prevent tipping;

  • .3 the largest number of the above should be selected

7.3 "No slide" and "no tip" indicated in the tables means that there is minimal risk of the cargo sliding or tipping respectively. Even if there is neither sliding nor tipping risk, it is recommended to always use at least one top–over lashing per every 4 tonnes of cargo or similar arrangement to avoid wandering for non–blocked cargo due to vibrations.

8 Cargo Stowed in More Than One Layer

8 CARGO STOWED IN MORE THAN ONE LAYER

8.1 Method 1 (simple)

  • .1 determine the number of lashings to prevent sliding using the mass of the entire section and the lowest friction of any of the layers;

  • .2 determine the number of lashings to prevent tipping;

  • .3 the largest number of lashings in step 1 and 2 should be used.

8.2 Method 2 (advanced)

  • .1 determine the number of lashings to prevent sliding using the mass of the entire section and the friction for the bottom layer;

  • .2 determine the number of lashings to prevent sliding using the mass of the section's upper layer and the friction between the layers;

  • .3 determine the number of lashings for the entire section which is required to prevent tipping;

  • .4 the largest number of lashings in steps 1 to 3 should be used.

9 Alternative Methods

Nothing in the CTU Code should be interpreted as specifying that a particular securing method should be used. Proven alternatives for securing cargo within containers, such as a properly applied adhesive–based fabric restraint system (see figure below) already exist and future innovations and advances in technology may also result in other suitable methods, providing an equivalent means of cargo securing, being developed. In all cases in which patent systems are used, however, it is important to realize that the systems can only be fully effective when properly applied as designed in full conformance with manufacturer's instructions.

10. QUICK LASHING GUIDE A - Cargo securing on CTUs for transports on Road, Combined Rail and in Sea Area A

10.1 General Remarks

10.1.1 Accelerations to be expected expressed in parts of the gravity acceleration (1g = 9.81 m/s2).

Transport mode/ Sideways Forward Backward
Sea area S V F V B V
Road 0.5 1.0 0.8 1.0 0.5 1.0
Combined Rail 0.5 1.0 0.5 1.0 0.5 1.0
Sea Area A 0.5 1.0 0.3 0.5 0.3 0.5

V = Vertical acceleration to be used in combination with horizontal accelerations; S Sideways, F Forward and B Backward.

10.1.2 Goods not rigid in form

If the goods are not rigid in form, more lashings than stipulated in this quick lashing guide could be required.

10.1.3 Sideways, forward and backward refers to a fore–and–aft stowed CTU.

10.2.1 Top–over lashings

The tables are valid for webbing with an MSL of 20 kN or 2,000 daN – (2,000 kg = 2 tonnes) and a pre-tension of minimum 4 kN or 400 daN – (400 kg).

The values in the tables are proportional to the pre-tension in the lashings.

The masses in the tables are valid for one top-over lashing.

TOP-OVER LASHING

Cargo mass in tonnes prevented from sliding per top–over lashing
μ SIDEWAYS FORWARD BACKWARD
0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00
0.05 0.08 0.05 0.08
0.10 0.18 0.10 0.18
0.15 0.30 0.16 0.30
0.20 0.47 0.24 0.47
0.25 0.71 0.32 0.71
0.30 1.1 0.43 1.1
0.35 1.7 0.55 1.7
0.40 2.8 0.71 2.8
0.45 6.4 0.91 4.3
0.50 no slide 1.2 7.1
0.55 no slide 1.6 16
0.60 no slide 2.1 no slide
0.65 no slide 3.1 no slide
0.70 no slide 5.0 no slide
Cargo mass in tonnes prevented from tipping per top–over lashing
SIDEWAYS   FORWARD BACKWARD
H/B 1 row 2 rows 3 rows 4 rows 5 rows H/L per section per section
0.6 no tip no tip no tip 6.3 2.9 0.6 no tip no tip
0.8 no tip no tip 5.4 2.1 1.4 0.8 no tip no tip
1.0 no tip no tip 2.2 1.3 0.96 1.0 no tip no tip
1.2 no tip 4.5 1.3 0.90 0.72 1.2 no tip no tip
1.4 no tip 2.2 0.98 0.70 0.58 1.4 5.9 no tip
1.6 no tip 1.5 0.77 0.57 0.48 1.6 2.5 no tip
1.8 no tip 1.1 0.63 0.48 0.41 1.8 1.6 18
2.0 no tip 0.89 0.54 0.42 0.36 2.0 1.2 7.1
2.2 7.1 0.74 0.47 0.37 0.32 2.2 0.93 4.4
2.4 3.5 0.64 0.41 0.33 0.29 2.4 0.77 3.2
2.6 2.4 0.56 0.37 0.30 0.26 2.6 0.66 2.4
2.8 1.8 0.50 0.34 0.27 0.24 2.8 0.57 1.8
3.0 1.4 0.45 0.31 0.25 0.22 3.0 0.51 1.4

10.2.2 Half-loop lashings

The tables are valid for webbing with an MSL of 20 kN or 2,000 daN – (2,000 kg = 2 tonnes) and a pre-tension of minimum 4 kN or 400 daN – (400 kg).

The masses in the tables below are valid for one pair of half-loop lashings.

The values in the tables are proportional to the maximum securing load (MSL) in the lashings.

HALF-LOOP LASHING

Cargo mass in tonnes prevented from sliding per pair of half-loop lashing
μ SIDEWAYS
0.00 4.1
0.05 4.6
0.10 5.2
0.15 5.9
0.20 6.7
0.25 7.7
0.30 9.1
0.35 11
0.40 13
0.45 17
0.50 no slide
0.55 no slide
0.60 no slide
0.65 no slide
0.70 no slide
Cargo mass in tonnes prevented from sliding per pair of half-loop lashing
SIDEWAYS
H/B 1 row 2 rows 3 rows 4 rows 5 rows
0.6 no tip no tip no tip 18 8.2
0.8 no tip no tip 15 5.9 4.1
1.0 no tip no tip 6.1 3.6 2.7
1.2 no tip 13 3.8 2.5 2.0
1.4 no tip 6.4 2.8 2.0 1.6
1.6 no tip 4.2 2.2 1.6 1.4
1.8 no tip 3.2 1.8 1.4 1.2
2.0 no tip 2.5 1.5 1.2 1.0
2.2 20 2.1 1.3 1.0 0. 91
2.4 10 1.8 1.2 0.94 0.82
2.6 6.8 1.6 1.1 0.85 0.74
2.8 5.1 1.4 0.96 0.78 0.68
3.0 4.1 1.3 0.87 0.71 0.63

10.2.3 Straight lashings

The tables are valid for webbing with an MSL of 20 kN or 2,000 daN – (2,000 kg = 2 tonnes) and a pre-tension of minimum 4 kN or 400 daN – (400 kg).

All masses are valid for one straight lashing.

The values in the tables are proportional to the maximum securing load (MSL) in the lashings.

STRAIGHT LASHING

Cargo mass in tonnes prevented from sliding per straight lashing
μ SIDEWAYS per side FORWARD BACKWARD
0.00 1.0 0.64 1.0
0.05 1.2 0.76 1.2
0.10 1.5 0.89 1.5
0.15 1.8 1.0 1.8
0.20 2.2 1.2 2.2
0.25 2.7 1.4 2.7
0.30 3.3 1.6 3.3
0.35 4.1 1.8 4.1
0.40 5.2 2.1 5.2
0.45 6.8 2.4 6.8
0.50 no slide 2.8 10
0.55 no slide 3.2 13
0.60 no slide 3.7 no slide
0.65 no slide 4.4 no slide
0.70 no slide 5.2 no slide
Cargo mass in tonnes prevented from tipping per straight lashing
H/B SIDEWAYS per side H/L FORWARD BACKWARD
0.6 no tip 0.6 no tip no tip
0.8 no tip 0.8 no tip no tip
1.0 no tip 1.0 no tip no tip
1.2 no tip 1.2 no tip no tip
1.4 no tip 1.4 10 no tip
1.6 no tip 1.6 4.7 no tip
1.8 no tip 1.8 3.2 36
2.0 no tip 2.0 2.5 15
2.2 16 2.2 2.1 10
2.4 8.7 2.4 1.9 7.9
2.6 6.1 2.6 1.7 6.1
2.8 4.8 2.8 1.6 4.8
3.0 4.1 3.0 1.5 4.1

10.2.4 Spring lashings

The tables are valid for webbing with an MSL of 20 kN or 2,000 daN – (2,000 kg = 2 tonnes) and a pre-tension of minimum 4 kN or 400 daN – (400 kg).

The masses in the tables are valid for one spring lashing.

The values in the tables are proportional to the maximum securing load (MSL) in the lashings.

SPRING LASHING

Cargo mass in tonnes prevented from sliding per spring lashing
μ FORWARD BACKWARD
0.00 3.6 5.8
0.05 3.9 6.5
0.10 4.3 7.3
0.15 4.7 8.3
0.20 5.1 9.5
0.25 5.6 11
0.30 6.1 13
0.35 6.8 15
0.40 7.5 19
0.45 8.3 24
0.50 9.3 35
0.55 11 43
0.60 12 no slide
0.65 14 no slide
0.70 16 no slide
Cargo mass in tonnes prevented from tipping per spring lashing
H/L FORWARD BACKWARD
0.6 no tip no tip
0.8 no tip no tip
1.0 no tip no tip
1.2 no tip no tip
1.4 67 no tip
1.6 33 no tip
1.8 24 256
2.0 19 115
2.2 17 79
2.4 15 63
2.6 14 50
2.8 13 40
3.0 12 35

10.3 TAG WASHERS AND NAILS

TAG WASHER

Approximate cargo mass in tonnes prevented from sliding by one tag washer for wood on wood in combination with top-over lashing only
μ\** SIDEWAYS
Ø 48 Ø 62 Ø 75 Ø 95 30✕57 48✕65 130✕130
BS(ton) 0.5 0.7 0.9 1.2 0.5 0.7 1.5
0.10 0.31 0.44 0.56 0.75 0.31 0.44 0.94
0.20 0.42 0.58 0.75 1.00 0.42 0.58 1.3
0.30 0.63 0.88 1.1 1.5 0.63 0.88 1.9
  FORWARD
0.10 0.18 0.25 0.32 0.43 0.18 0.25 0.54
0.20 0.21 0.29 0.38 0.50 0.21 0.29 0.63
0.30 0.25 0.35 0.45 0.60 0.25 0.35 0.75
  BACKWARD
0.10 0.31 0.44 0.56 0.75 0.31 0.44 0.94
0.20 0.42 0.58 0.75 1.00 0.42 0.58 1.3
0.30 0.63 0.88 1.1 1.5 0.63 0.88 1.9
\** Between tag washer and platform bed/cargo.
4 in (100 mm) – NAIL

Approximate cargo mass in tonnes prevented from sliding by one nail
μ\*** SIDEWAYS

per side

 FORWARD BACKWARD
blank galvanised blank galvanised blank Galvanised
BS (ton) 0.22 0.32 0.22 0.32 0.22 0.32
0.00 0.22 0.32 0.14 0.20 0.22 0.32
0.05 0.24 0.36 0.15 0.21 0.24 0.36
0.10 0.28 0.40 0.16 0.23 0.28 0.40
0.15 0.31 0.46 0.17 0.25 0.31 0.46
0.20 0.37 0.53 0.18 0.27 0.37 0.53
0.25 0.44 0.64 0.20 0.29 0.44 0.64
0.30 0.55 0.80 0.22 0.32 0.55 0.80
0.35 0.73 1.1 0.24 0.36 0.73 1.1
0.40 1.1 1.6 0.28 0.40 1.1 1.6
0.45 2.2 3.2 0.31 0.46 1.5 2.1
0.50 no slide no slide 0.37 0.53 2.2 3.2
0.55 no slide no slide 0.44 0.64 4.4 6.4
0.60 no slide no slide 0.55 0.80 no slide no slide
0.65 no slide no slide 0.73 1.1 no slide no slide
0.70 no slide no slide 1.1 1.6 no slide no slide
\*** Between cargo and platform bed.

11. QUICK LASHING GUIDE B - Cargo securing on CTUs for transports on Road, Combined Rail and in Sea Area B

11.1 General Remarks

11.1.1 Accelerations to be expected expressed in parts of the gravity acceleration (1g = 9.81 m/s2).

Transport mode/ Sideways Forward Backward
Sea area S V F V B V
Road 0.5 1.0 0.8 1.0 0.5 1.0
Combined Rail 0.5 1.0 0.5 1.0 0.5 1.0
Sea Area B 0.7 1.0 0.3 0.3 0.3 0.3

V = Vertical acceleration to be used in combination with horizontal accelerations; S Sideways, F Forward and B Backward.

11.1.2 Goods not rigid in form

If the goods are not rigid in form, more lashings than stipulated in this quick lashing guide could be required.

11.1.3 Sideways, forward and backward refers to a fore–and–aft stowed CTU.

11.2.1 Top–over lashings

The tables are valid for webbing with an MSL of 20 kN or 2,000 daN – (2,000 kg = 2 tonnes) and a pre-tension of minimum 4 kN or 400 daN – (400 kg).

The values in the tables are proportional to the pre-tension in the lashings.

The masses in the tables are valid for one top-over lashing.

TOP–OVER LASHING

Cargo mass in tonnes prevented from sliding per top-over lashing
μ SIDEWAYS FORWARD BACKWARD
0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00
0.05 0.05 0.05 0.08
0.10 0.12 0.10 0.18
0.15 0.19 0.16 0.30
0.20 0.28 0.24 0.47
0.25 0.39 0.32 0.71
0.30 0.53 0.43 1.0
0.35 0.71 0.55 1.3
0.40 0.95 0.71 1.6
0.45 1.3 0.91 1.9
0.50 1.8 1.2 2.4
0.55 2.6 1.6 2.9
0.60 4.3 2.1 3.5
0.65 9.2 3.1 4.4
0.70 no slide 5.0 5.5
Cargo mass in tonnes prevented from tipping per top-over lashing
SIDEWAYS   FORWARD BACKWARD
H/B 1 row 2 rows 3 rows 4 rows 5 rows H/L per section per section
0.6 no tip no tip 4.1 1.9 1.3 0.6 no tip no tip
0.8 no tip 7.4 1.6 1.0 0.80 0.8 no tip no tip
1.0 no tip 2.2 0.98 0.70 0.58 1.0 no tip no tip
1.2 no tip 1.3 0.71 0.53 0.45 1.2 12 12
1.4 no tip 0.93 0.55 0.43 0.37 1.4 5.9 5.9
1.6 5.9 0.72 0.46 0.36 0.31 1.6 2.5 3.9
1.8 2.7 0.59 0.39 0.31 0.27 1.8 1.6 3.0
2.0 1.8 0.50 0.34 0.27 0.24 2.0 1.2 2.4
2.2 1.3 0.43 0.30 0.24 0.22 2.2 0.93 2.0
2.4 1.0 0.38 0.27 0.22 0.19 2.4 0.77 1.7
2.6 0.86 0.34 0.24 0.20 0.18 2.6 0.66 1.5
2.8 0.74 0.31 0.22 0.18 0.16 2.8 0.57 1.3
3.0 0.64 0.28 0.20 0.17 0.15 3.0 0.51 1.2

11.2.2 Half-loop lashings

The tables are valid for webbing with an MSL of 20 kN or 2,000 daN – (2,000 kg = 2 tonnes) and a pre-tension of minimum 4 kN or 400 daN – (400 kg).

The masses in the tables below are valid for one pair of half-loop lashings.

The values in the tables are proportional to the maximum securing load (MSL) in the lashings.

HALF-LOOP LASHING

Cargo mass in tonnes prevented from sliding per pair of half-loop lashing
μ SIDEWAYS
0.00 2.9
0.05 3.2
0.10 3.5
0.15 3.9
0.20 4.3
0.25 4.7
0.30 5.3
0.35 5.9
0.40 6.6
0.45 7.5
0.50 8.6
0.55 10
0.60 12
0.65 14
0.70 no slide
Cargo mass in tonnes prevented from tipping per pair of half-loop lashing
SIDEWAYS
H/B 1 row 2 rows 3 rows 4 rows 5 rows
0.6 no tip no tip 12 5.2 3.7
0.8 no tip 21 4.5 2.9 2.3
1.0 no tip 6.4 2.8 2.0 1.6
1.2 no tip 3.7 2.0 1.5 1.3
1.4 no tip 2.7 1.6 1.2 1.0
1.6 17 2.1 1.3 1.0 0.89
1.8 7.8 1.7 1.1 0.88 0.77
2.0 5.1 1.4 0.96 0.78 0.68
2.2 3.8 1.2 0.84 0.69 0.61
2.4 3.0 1.1 0.76 0.62 0.55
2.6 2.5 0.97 0.69 0.57 0.50
2.8 2.1 0.87 0.63 0.52 0.46
3.0 1.9 0.80 0.58 0.48 0.43

11.2.3 Straight lashings

The tables are valid for webbing with an MSL of 20 kN or 2,000 daN – (2,000 kg = 2 tonnes) and a pre-tension of minimum 4 kN or 400 daN – (400 kg).

All masses are valid for one straight lashing.

The values in the tables are proportional to the maximum securing load (MSL) in the lashings.

STRAIGHT LASHING

Cargo mass in tonnes prevented from sliding per straight lashing
μ SIDEWAYS per side FORWARD BACKWARD
0.00 0.73 0.64 1.0
0.05 0.87 0.76 1.2
0.10 1.0 0.89 1.5
0.15 1.2 1.0 1.8
0.20 1.4 1.2 2.2
0.25 1.6 1.4 2.7
0.30 1.9 1.6 3.3
0.35 2.2 1.8 4.1
0.40 2.6 2.1 4.9
0.45 3.0 2.4 5.6
0.50 3.6 2.8 6.2
0.55 4.3 3.2 7.0
0.60 5.2 3.7 7.9
0.65 6.4 4.4 8.9
0.70 no slide 5.2 10.0
Cargo mass in tonnes prevented from tipping per straight lashing
H/B SIDEWAYS per side H/L FORWARD BACKWARD
0.6 no tip 0.6 no tip no tip
0.8 no tip 0.8 no tip no tip
1.0 no tip 1.0 no tip no tip
1.2 no tip 1.2 19 19
1.4 no tip 1.4 10 10
1.6 11 1.6 4.7 7.4
1.8 5.5 1.8 3.2 5.9
2.0 3.8 2.0 2.5 5.1
2.2 3.0 2.2 2.1 4.5
2.4 2.5 2.4 1.9 4.1
2.6 2.2 2.6 1.7 3.8
2.8 2.0 2.8 1.6 3.6
3.0 1.9 3.0 1.5 3.4

11.2.4 Spring lashings

The tables are valid for webbing with an MSL of 20 kN or 2,000 daN – (2,000 kg = 2 tonnes) and a pre-tension of minimum 4 kN or 400 daN – (400 kg).

The masses in the tables are valid for one spring lashing.

The values in the tables are proportional to the maximum securing load (MSL) in the lashings.

SPRING LASHING

Cargo mass in tonnes prevented from sliding per spring lashing
μ FORWARD BACKWARD
0.00 3.6 5.8
0.05 3.9 6.5
0.10 4.3 7.3
0.15 4.7 8.3
0.20 5.1 9.5
0.25 5.6 11
0.30 6.1 13
0.35 6.8 15
0.40 7.5 18
0.45 8.3 19
0.50 9.3 21
0.55 11 23
0.60 12 25
0.65 14 28
0.70 16 31
Cargo mass in tonnes prevented from tipping per spring lashing
H/L FORWARD BACKWARD
0.6 no tip no tip
0.8 no tip no tip
1.0 no tip no tip
1.2 115 115
1.4 67 67
1.6 33 51
1.8 24 43
2.0 19 38
2.2 17 35
2.4 15 33
2.6 14 31
2.8 13 30
3.0 12 29

11.3.1 Top-over lashings

The tables are valid for chain (Ø 9 mm, class 8) with an MSL of 50 kN or 5,000 daN – (5,000 kg = 5 tonnes) and a pre-tension of minimum 10 kN or 1,000 daN – (1,000 kg = 1 tonne).

The values in the tables are proportional to the pre-tension in the lashings.

The masses in the tables are valid for one top-over lashing.

TOP–OVER LASHING

Cargo mass in tonnes prevented from sliding per top-over lashing
μ SIDEWAYS FORWARD BACKWARD
0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00
0.05 0.14 0.12 0.20
0.10 0.30 0.25 0.44
0.15 0.48 0.41 0.76
0.20 0.71 0.59 1.2
0.25 0.98 0.81 1.8
0.30 1.3 1.1 2.5
0.35 1.8 1.4 3.2
0.40 2.4 1.8 3.9
0.45 3.2 2.3 4.8
0.50 4.4 3.0 5.9
0.55 6.5 3.9 7.2
0.60 11 5.3 8.9
0.65 23 7.7 11
0.70 no slide 12 14
Cargo mass in tonnes prevented from tipping per top-over lashing
SIDEWAYS   FORWARD BACKWARD
H/B 1 row 2 rows 3 rows 4 rows 5 rows H/L per section per section
0.6 no tip no tip 10 4.6 3.3 0.6 no tip no tip
0.8 no tip 19 4.0 2.5 2.0 0.8 no tip no tip
1.0 no tip 5.6 2.4 1.7 1.4 1.0 no tip no tip
1.2 no tip 3.3 1.8 1.3 1.1 1.2 30 30
1.4 no tip 2.3 1.4 1.1 0.92 1.4 15 15
1.6 15 1.8 1.1 0.90 0.78 1.6 6.3 9.8
1.8 6.8 1.5 0.97 0.78 0.68 1.8 4.0 7.4
2.0 4.4 1.2 0.84 0.68 0.60 2.0 3.0 5.9
2.2 3.3 1.1 0.74 0.61 0.54 2.2 2.3 4.9
2.4 2.6 0.95 0.67 0.55 0.49 2.4 1.9 4.2
2.6 2.2 0.85 0.60 0.50 0.45 2.6 1.6 3.7
2.8 1.8 0.76 0.55 0.46 0.41 2.8 1.4 3.3
3.0 1.6 0.70 0.51 0.43 0.38 3.0 1.3 3.0

11.3.2 Half-loop lashings

The tables are valid for chain (Ø 9 mm, class 8) with an MSL of 50 kN or 5,000 daN – (5,000 kg = 5 tonnes) and a pre-tension of minimum 10 kn or 1,000 daN – (1,000 kg = 1 tonne).

The masses in the tables below are valid for one pair of half-loop lashings.

The values in the tables are proportional to the maximum securing load (MSL) in the lashings.

HALF-LOOP LASHING

Cargo mass in tonnes prevented from sliding per pair of half-loop lashing
μ SIDEWAYS
0.00 7.3
0.05 8.0
0.10 8.8
0.15 9.7
0.20 11
0.25 12
0.30 13
0.35 15
0.40 17
0.45 19
0.50 22
0.55 25
0.60 30
0.65 36
0.70 no slide
Cargo mass in tonnes prevented from tipping per pair of half-loop lashing
SIDEWAYS
H/B 1 row 2 rows 3 rows 4 rows 5 rows
0.6 no tip no tip 29 13 9.3
0.8 no tip 53 11 7.2 5.7
1.0 no tip 16 7.0 5.0 4.1
1.2 no tip 9.4 5.0 3.8 3.2
1.4 no tip 6.6 3.9 3.1 2.6
1.6 42 5.1 3.2 2.6 2.2
1.8 20 4.2 2.8 2.2 1.9
2.0 13 3.5 2.4 1.9 1.7
2.2 9.4 3.1 2.1 1.7 1.5
2.4 7.5 2.7 1.9 1.6 1.4
2.6 6.2 2.4 1.7 1.4 1.3
2.8 5.3 2.2 1.6 1.3 1.2
3.0 4.6 2.0 1.4 1.2 1.1

11.3.3 Straight lashings

The tables are valid for chain (Ø 9 mm, class 8) with an MSL of 50 kN or 5,000 daN – (5,000 kg = 5 tonnes) and a pre-tension of minimum 10 kN or 1,000 daN – (1,000 kg = 1 tonne).

All masses are valid for one straight lashing.

The values in the tables are proportional to the maximum securing load (MSL) in the lashings.

STRAIGHT LASHING

Cargo mass in tonnes prevented from sliding per straight lashing
μ SIDEWAYS per side FORWARD BACKWARD
0.00 1.8 1.6 2.5
0.05 2.2 1.9 3.1
0.10 2.6 2.2 3.8
0.15 3.0 2.6 4.6
0.20 3.5 3.0 5.5
0.25 4.1 3.4 6.7
0.30 4.8 3.9 8.2
0.35 5.6 4.5 10
0.40 6.5 5.2 12
0.45 7.6 6.0 14
0.50 9.0 6.9 16
0.55 11 8.0 18
0.60 13 9.3 20
0.65 16 11 22
0.70 no slide 13 25
Cargo mass in tonnes prevented from tipping per straight lashing
H/B SIDEWAYS per side H/L FORWARD BACKWARD
0.6 no tip 0.6 no tip no tip
0.8 no tip 0.8 no tip no tip
1.0 no tip 1.0 no tip no tip
1.2 no tip 1.2 47 47
1.4 no tip 1.4 25 25
1.6 28 1.6 12 18
1.8 14 1.8 8.1 15
2.0 9.6 2.0 6.4 13
2.2 7.6 2.2 5.4 11
2.4 6.4 2.4 4.7 10
2.6 5.6 2.6 4.2 9.6
2.8 5.0 2.8 3.9 9.0
3.0 4.6 3.0 3.6 8.5

11.3.4 Spring lashings

The tables are valid for chain (Ø 9 mm, class 8) with an MSL of 50kN or 5,000 daN – (5,000 kg = 5 tonnes) and a pre-tension of minimum 10 kN or 1,000 daN – (1,000 kg = 1 tonne).

The masses in the tables are valid for one spring lashing.

The values in the tables are proportional to the maximum securing load (MSL) in the lashings.

SPRING LASHING

Cargo mass in tonnes prevented from sliding per spring lashing
μ FORWARD BACKWARD
0.00 9.0 14
0.05 9.8 16
0.10 11 18
0.15 12 21
0.20 13 24
0.25 14 27
0.30 15 32
0.35 17 38
0.40 19 45
0.45 21 49
0.50 23 53
0.55 26 58
0.60 30 63
0.65 34 70
0.70 40 77
Cargo mass in tonnes prevented from tipping per spring lashing
H/L FORWARD BACKWARD
0.6 no tip no tip
0.8 no tip no tip
1.0 no tip no tip
1.2 288 288
1.4 168 168
1.6 82 128
1.8 59 108
2.0 48 96
2.2 42 88
2.4 38 82
2.6 35 78
2.8 33 75
3.0 31 72

11.4.1 Top–over lashings

The tables are valid for steel strapping (32 ✕ 0.8 mm) with an MSL of 17 kN or 1,700 daN – (1,700 kg = 1.7 tonnes) and a pre-tension of minimum 2.4 kN or 240 daN – (240 kg).

The values in the tables are proportional to the pre-tension in the lashings.

The masses in the tables are valid for one top-over lashing.

TOP–OVER LASHING

Cargo mass in tonnes prevented from sliding per top-over lashing
μ SIDEWAYS FORWARD BACKWARD
0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00
0.05 0.03 0.03 0.05
0.10 0.07 0.06 0.11
0.15 0.12 0.10 0.18
0.20 0.17 0.14 0.28
0.25 0.24 0.19 0.43
0.30 0.32 0.26 0.61
0.35 0.43 0.33 0.76
0.40 0.57 0.43 0.95
0.45 0.77 0.55 1.2
0.50 1.1 0.71 1.4
0.55 1.6 0.94 1.7
0.60 2.6 1.3 2.1
0.65 5.5 1.8 2.6
0.70 no slide 3.0 3.3
Cargo mass in tonnes prevented from tipping per top-over lashing
SIDEWAYS   FORWARD BACKWARD
H/B 1 row 2 rows 3 rows 4 rows 5 rows H/L per section per section
0.6 no tip no tip 2.5 1.1 0.79 0.6 no tip no tip
0.8 no tip 4.5 0.95 0.61 0.48 0.8 no tip no tip
1.0 no tip 1.3 0.59 0.42 0.35 1.0 no tip no tip
1.2 no tip 0.79 0.42 0.32 0.27 1.2 7.1 7.1
1.4 no tip 0.56 0.33 0.26 0.22 1.4 3.5 3.5
1.6 3.5 0.43 0.27 0.22 0.19 1.6 1.5 2.4
1.8 1.6 0.35 0.23 0.19 0.16 1.8 0.97 1.8
2.0 1.1 0.30 0.20 0.16 0.14 2.0 0.71 1.4
2.2 0.79 0.26 0.18 0.15 0.13 2.2 0.56 1.2
2.4 0.63 0.23 0.16 0.13 0.12 2.4 0.46 1.0
2.6 0.52 0.20 0.14 0.12 0.11 2.6 0.39 0.89
2.8 0.44 0.18 0.13 0.11 0.10 2.8 0.34 0.79
3.0 0.39 0.17 0.12 0.10 0.09 3.0 0.30 0.71

11.4.2 Half-loop lashings

The tables are valid for steel strapping (32 0.8 mm) with an MSL of 17 kN or 1,700 daN – (1,700 kg = 1.7 tonnes) and a pre-tension of minimum 2.4 kN or 240 daN – (240 kg).

The masses in the tables below are valid for one pair of half-loop lashings.

The values in the tables are proportional to the maximum securing load (BS) in the lashings.

HALF-LOOP LASHING

Cargo mass in tonnes prevented from sliding per pair of half-loop lashing
μ SIDEWAYS
0.00 2.5
0.05 2.7
0.10 3.0
0.15 3.3
0.20 3.6
0.25 4.0
0.30 4.5
0.35 5.0
0.40 5.6
0.45 6.4
0.50 7.3
0.55 8.5
0.60 10
0.65 12
0.70 no slide
Cargo mass in tonnes prevented from tipping per pair of half-loop lashing
SIDEWAYS
H/B 1 row 2 rows 3 rows 4 rows 5 rows
0.6 no tip no tip 10.0 4.5 3.2
0.8 no tip 18 3.8 2.4 1.9
1.0 no tip 5.4 2.4 1.7 1.4
1.2 no tip 3.2 1.7 1.3 1.1
1.4 no tip 2.3 1.3 1.0 0.89
1.6 14 1.7 1.1 0.87 0.75
1.8 6.7 1.4 0.94 0.75 0.65
2.0 4.3 1.2 0.81 0.66 0.58
2.2 3.2 1.0 0.72 0.59 0.52
2.4 2.5 0.92 0.64 0.53 0.47
2.6 2.1 0.82 0.58 0.48 0.43
2.8 1.8 0.74 0.53 0.44 0.39
3.0 1.6 0.68 0.49 0.41 0.36

11.4.3 Straight lashings

The tables are valid for steel strapping (32 0.8 mm) with an MSL of 17 kN or 1,700 daN – (1,700 kg = 1.7 tonnes) and a pre-tension of minimum 2.4 kN or 240 daN – (240 kg).

All masses are valid for one straight lashing.

The values in the tables are proportional to the maximum securing load (MSL) in the lashings.

STRAIGHT LASHING

Cargo mass in tonnes prevented from sliding per straight lashing
μ SIDEWAYS per side FORWARD BACKWARD
0.00 0.62 0.54 0.87
0.05 0.74 0.64 1.1
0.10 0.87 0.75 1.3
0.15 1.0 0.88 1.6
0.20 1.2 1.0 1.9
0.25 1.4 1.2 2.3
0.30 1.6 1.3 2.8
0.35 1.9 1.5 3.5
0.40 2.2 1.8 4.2
0.45 2.6 2.0 4.7
0.50 3.1 2.3 5.3
0.55 3.7 2.7 6.0
0.60 4.4 3.2 6.7
0.65 5.5 3.7 7.6
0.70 no slide 4.4 8.5
Cargo mass in tonnes prevented from tipping per straight lashing
H/B SIDEWAYS per side H/L FORWARD BACKWARD
0.6 no tip 0.6 no tip no tip
0.8 no tip 0.8 no tip no tip
1.0 no tip 1.0 no tip no tip
1.2 no tip 1.2 16 16
1.4 no tip 1.4 8.7 8.7
1.6 9.4 1.6 4.0 6.3
1.8 4.7 1.8 2.8 5.1
2.0 3.2 2.0 2.2 4.3
2.2 2.6 2.2 1.8 3.9
2.4 2.2 2.4 1.6 3.5
2.6 1.9 2.6 1.4 3.2
2.8 1.7 2.8 1.3 3.0
3.0 1.6 3.0 1.2 2.9

11.4.4 Spring lashings

The tables are valid for steel strapping (32 0.8 mm) with an MSL of 17 kN or 1,700 daN – (1,700 kg = 1.7 tonnes) and a pre-tension of minimum 2.4 kN or 240 daN – (240 kg).

The masses in the tables are valid for one spring lashing.

The values in the tables are proportional to the maximum securing load (MSL) in the lashings.

SPRING LASHING

Cargo mass in tonnes prevented from sliding per spring lashing
μ FORWARD BACKWARD
0.00 3.1 4.9
0.05 3.3 5.5
0.10 3.6 6.2
0.15 4.0 7.0
0.20 4.3 8.1
0.25 4.8 9.3
0.30 5.2 11
0.35 5.8 13
0.40 6.4 15
0.45 7.1 16
0.50 7.9 18
0.55 8.9 20
0.60 10 22
0.65 12 24
0.70 14 26
Cargo mass in tonnes prevented from tipping per spring lashing
H/L FORWARD BACKWARD
0.6 no tip no tip
0.8 no tip no tip
1.0 no tip no tip
1.2 98 98
1.4 57 57
1.6 28 44
1.8 20 37
2.0 16 33
2.2 14 30
2.4 13 28
2.6 12 27
2.8 11 25
3.0 11 25

11.5.1 Top-over lashings

The tables are valid for steel wire rope (16 mm/144 wires) with an MSL of 91 kN or 9,100 daN – (9,100 kg = 9.1 tonnes) and a pre-tension of minimum 10 kN or 1,000 daN – (1,000 kg = 1 tonne).

The values in the tables are proportional to the pre-tension in the lashings.

The masses in the tables are valid for one top-over lashing.

TOP–OVER LASHING

Cargo mass in tonnes prevented from sliding per top-over lashing
μ SIDEWAYS FORWARD BACKWARD
0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00
0.05 0.14 0.12 0.20
0.10 0.30 0.25 0.44
0.15 0.48 0.41 0.76
0.20 0.71 0.59 1.2
0.25 0.98 0.81 1.8
0.30 1.3 1.1 2.5
0.35 1.8 1.4 3.2
0.40 2.4 1.8 3.9
0.45 3.2 2.3 4.8
0.50 4.4 3.0 5.9
0.55 6.5 3.9 7.2
0.60 11 5.3 8.9
0.65 23 7.7 11
0.70 no slide 12 14
Cargo mass in tonnes prevented from tipping per top-over lashing
SIDEWAYS   FORWARD BACKWARD
H/B 1 row 2 rows 3 rows 4 rows 5 rows H/L per section per section
0.6 no tip no tip 2.5 1.1 0.79 0.6 no tip no tip
0.8 no tip 4.5 0.95 0.61 0.48 0.8 no tip no tip
1.0 no tip 1.3 0.59 0.42 0.35 1.0 no tip no tip
1.2 no tip 0.79 0.42 0.32 0.27 1.2 7.1 7.1
1.4 no tip 0.56 0.33 0.26 0.22 1.4 3.5 3.5
1.6 3.5 0.43 0.27 0.22 0.19 1.6 1.5 2.4
1.8 1.6 0.35 0.23 0.19 0.16 1.8 0.97 1.8
2.0 1.1 0.30 0.20 0.16 0.14 2.0 0.71 1.4
2.2 0.79 0.26 0.18 0.15 0.13 2.2 0.56 1.2
2.4 0.63 0.23 0.16 0.13 0.12 2.4 0.46 1.0
2.6 0.52 0.20 0.14 0.12 0.11 2.6 0.39 0.89
2.8 0.44 0.18 0.13 0.11 0.10 2.8 0.34 0.79
3.0 0.39 0.17 0.12 0.10 0.09 3.0 0.30 0.71

11.5.2 Half-loop lashings

The tables are valid for steel wire rope (16 mm/144 wires) with an MSL of 91 kN or 9,100 daN – (9,100 kg = 9.1 tonnes) and a pre-tension of minimum 10 kN or 1,000 daN – (1,000 kg = 1 tonne).

The masses in the tables below are valid for one pair of half-loop lashings.

The values in the tables are proportional to the maximum securing load (MSL) in the lashings.

HALF-LOOP LASHING

Cargo mass in tonnes prevented from sliding per pair of half-loop lashing
μ SIDEWAYS
0.00 13
0.05 15
0.10 16
0.15 18
0.20 19
0.25 21
0.30 24
0.35 27
0.40 30
0.45 34
0.50 39
0.55 46
0.60 54
0.65 65
0.70 no slide
Cargo mass in tonnes prevented from tipping per pair of half-loop lashing
SIDEWAYS
H/B 1 row 2 rows 3 rows 4 rows 5 rows
0.6 no tip no tip 54 24 17
0.8 no tip 97 20 13 10
1.0 no tip 29 13 9.0 7.4
1.2 no tip 17 9.2 6.9 5.8
1.4 no tip 12 7.2 5.6 4.8
1.6 77 9.4 5.9 4.7 4.0
1.8 36 7.6 5.0 4.0 3.5
2.0 23 6.4 4.3 3.5 3.1
2.2 17 5.6 3.8 3.1 2.8
2.4 14 4.9 3.4 2.8 2.5
2.6 11 4.4 3.1 2.6 2.3
2.8 9.7 4.0 2.9 2.4 2.1
3.0 8.4 3.6 2.6 2.2 2.0

11.5.3 Straight lashings

The tables are valid for steel wire rope (16 mm/144 wires) with an MSL of 91 kN or 9,100 daN – (9,100 kg = 9.1 tonnes) and a pre-tension of minimum 10 kN or 1,000 daN – (1,000 kg = 1 tonne).

All masses are valid for one straight lashing.

The values in the tables are proportional to the maximum securing load (MSL) in the lashings.

STRAIGHT LASHING

Cargo mass in tonnes prevented from sliding per straight lashing
μ SIDEWAYS per side FORWARD BACKWARD
0.00 3.3 2.9 4.6
0.05 4.0 3.4 5.7
0.10 4.7 4.0 6.9
0.15 5.5 4.7 8.3
0.20 6.4 5.4 10
0.25 7.5 6.2 12
0.30 8.7 7.2 15
0.35 10 8.2 19
0.40 12 9.5 23
0.45 14 11 25
0.50 16 13 28
0.55 20 15 32
0.60 24 17 36
0.65 29 20 41
0.70 no slide 23 45
Cargo mass in tonnes prevented from tipping per straight lashing
H/B SIDEWAYS per side H/L FORWARD BACKWARD
0.6 no tip 0.6 no tip no tip
0.8 no tip 0.8 no tip no tip
1.0 no tip 1.0 no tip no tip
1.2 no tip 1.2 85 85
1.4 no tip 1.4 46 46
1.6 50 1.6 22 33
1.8 25 1.8 15 27
2.0 17 2.0 12 23
2.2 14 2.2 9.8 21
2.4 12 2.4 8.6 19
2.6 10 2.6 7.7 17
2.8 9.2 2.8 7.1 16
3.0 8.4 3.0 6.6 15

11.5.4 Spring lashings

The tables are valid for steel wire rope (16 mm/144 wires) with an MSL of 91 kN or 9,100 daN – (9,100 kg = 9.1 tonnes) and a pre-tension of minimum 10 kN or 1,000 daN – (1,000 kg = 1 tonne).

The masses in the tables are valid for one spring lashing.

The values in the tables are proportional to the maximum securing load (MSL) in the lashings.

SPRING LASHING

Cargo mass in tonnes prevented from sliding per spring lashing
μ FORWARD BACKWARD
0.00 16 26
0.05 18 29
0.10 19 33
0.15 21 38
0.20 23 43
0.25 25 50
0.30 28 58
0.35 31 70
0.40 34 81
0.45 38 88
0.50 42 96
0.55 48 105
0.60 54 115
0.65 62 127
0.70 73 140
Cargo mass in tonnes prevented from tipping per spring lashing
H/L FORWARD BACKWARD
0.6 no tip no tip
0.8 no tip no tip
1.0 no tip no tip
1.2 525 525
1.4 306 306
1.6 150 233
1.8 107 197
2.0 87 175
2.2 76 160
2.4 68 150
2.6 63 142
2.8 59 136
3.0 56 131

11.6 TAG WASHERS AND NAILS

TAG WASHER

Approximate cargo mass in tonnes prevented from sliding by one tag washer for wood on wood in combination with top-over lashing only
μ\** SIDEWAYS
Ø 48 Ø 62 Ø 75 Ø 95 30✕57 48✕65 130✕130
BS(ton) 0.5 0.7 0.9 1.2 0.5 0.7 1.5
0.10 0.21 0.29 0.38 0.50 0.21 0.29 0.63
0.20 0.25 0.35 0.45 0.60 0.25 0.35 0.75
0.30 0.31 0.44 0.56 0.75 0.31 0.44 0.94
  FORWARD
0.10 0.18 0.25 0.32 0.43 0.18 0.25 0.54
0.20 0.21 0.29 0.38 0.50 0.21 0.29 0.63
0.30 0.25 0.35 0.45 0.60 0.25 0.35 0.75
  BACKWARD
0.10 0.31 0.44 0.56 0.75 0.31 0.44 0.94
0.20 0.42 0.58 0.75 1.00 0.42 0.58 1.3
0.30 0.60 0.83 1.1 1.4 0.60 0.83 1.8
\** Between tag washer and platform bed/cargo.
4 in (100 mm) – NAIL

Approximate cargo mass in tonnes prevented from sliding by one nail
μ\*** SIDEWAYS

per side

 FORWARD BACKWARD
blank galvanised blank galvanised blank Galvanised
BS (ton) 0.22 0.32 0.22 0.32 0.22 0.32
0.00 0.16 0.23 0.14 0.20 0.22 0.32
0.05 0.17 0.25 0.15 0.21 0.24 0.36
0.10 0.18 0.27 0.16 0.23 0.28 0.40
0.15 0.20 0.29 0.17 0.25 0.31 0.46
0.20 0.22 0.32 0.18 0.27 0.37 0.53
0.25 0.24 0.36 0.20 0.29 0.44 0.64
0.30 0.28 0.40 0.22 0.32 0.52 0.76
0.35 0.31 0.46 0.24 0.36 0.56 0.82
0.40 0.37 0.53 0.28 0.40 0.61 0.89
0.45 0.44 0.64 0.31 0.46 0.67 0.97
0.50 0.55 0.80 0.37 0.53 0.73 1.1
0.55 0.73 1.1 0.44 0.64 0.81 1.2
0.60 1.1 1.6 0.55 0.80 0.92 1.3
0.65 2.2 3.2 0.73 1.1 1.0 1.5
0.70 no slide no slide 1.1 1.6 1.2 1.8
\*** Between cargo and platform bed.

12. QUICK LASHING GUIDE C - Cargo securing on CTUs for transports on Road, Combined Rail and in Sea Area C

12.1 General Remarks

12.1.1 Accelerations to be expected expressed in parts of the gravity acceleration (1g = 9.81 m/s2).

Transport mode/ Sideways Forward Backward
Sea area S V F V B V
Road 0.5 1.0 0.8 1.0 0.5 1.0
Combined Rail 0.5 1.0 0.5 1.0 0.5 1.0
Sea Area B 0.8 1.0 0.4 0.2 0.4 0.2

V = Vertical acceleration to be used in combination with horizontal accelerations; S Sideways, F Forward and B Backward.

12.1.2 Goods not rigid in form

If the goods are not rigid in form, more lashings than stipulated in this quick lashing guide could be required.

12.1.3 Sideways, forward and backward refers to a fore–and–aft stowed CTU.

12.2.1 Top-over lashings

The tables are valid for webbing with an MSL of 20 kN or 2,000 daN – (2,000 kg = 2 tonnes) and a pre-tension of minimum 4 kN or 400 daN – (400 kg).

The values in the tables are proportional to the lashings' pre-tension.

The masses in the tables are valid for one top-over lashing.

TOP–OVER LASHING

Cargo mass in tonnes prevented from sliding per top-over lashing
μ SIDEWAYS FORWARD BACKWARD
0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00
0.05 0.05 0.05 0.08
0.10 0.10 0.10 0.18
0.15 0.16 0.16 0.29
0.20 0.24 0.24 0.39
0.25 0.32 0.32 0.51
0.30 0.43 0.43 0.63
0.35 0.55 0.55 0.75
0.40 0.71 0.71 0.89
0.45 0.91 0.91 1.0
0.50 1.2 1.2 1.2
0.55 1.6 1.3 1.3
0.60 2.1 1.5 1.5
0.65 3.1 1.7 1.7
0.70 5.0 1.9 1.9
Cargo mass in tonnes prevented from tipping per top-over lashing
SIDEWAYS   FORWARD BACKWARD
H/B 1 row 2 rows 3 rows 4 rows 5 rows H/L per section per section
0.6 no tip no tip 2.4 1.4 1.0 0.6 18 18
0.8 no tip 3.2 1.2 0.81 0.66 0.8 5.9 5.9
1.0 no tip 1.5 0.77 0.57 0.48 1.0 3.5 3.5
1.2 no tip 0.97 0.57 0.44 0.38 1.2 2.5 2.5
1.4 5.9 0.72 0.46 0.36 0.31 1.4 2.0 2.0
1.6 2.5 0.57 0.38 0.31 0.27 1.6 1.6 1.6
1.8 1.6 0.47 0.32 0.26 0.23 1.8 1.4 1.4
2.0 1.2 0.41 0.28 0.23 0.21 2.0 1.2 1.2
2.2 0.93 0.35 0.25 0.21 0.18 2.2 0.93 1.0
2.4 0.77 0.31 0.23 0.19 0.17 2.4 0.77 0.93
2.6 0.66 0.28 0.21 0.17 0.15 2.6 0.66 0.84
2.8 0.57 0.26 0.19 0.16 0.14 2.8 0.57 0.77
3.0 0.51 0.23 0.17 0.15 0.13 3.0 0.51 0.71

12.2.2 Half-loop lashings

The tables are valid for webbing with an MSL of 20 kN or 2,000 daN – (2,000 kg = 2 tonnes) and a pre-tension of minimum 4 kN or 400 daN – (400 kg).

The masses in the tables below are valid for one pair of half-loop lashings.

The values in the tables are proportional to the maximum securing load (MSL) in the lashings.

HALF-LOOP LASHING

Cargo mass in tonnes prevented from sliding per pair of half-loop lashing
μ SIDEWAYS
0.00 2.5
0.05 2.8
0.10 3.0
0.15 3.3
0.20 3.6
0.25 4.0
0.30 4.3
0.35 4.8
0.40 5.3
0.45 5.9
0.50 6.6
0.55 7.4
0.60 8.4
0.65 9.7
0.70 11
Cargo mass in tonnes prevented from tipping per pair of half-loop lashing
SIDEWAYS
H/B 1 row 2 rows 3 rows 4 rows 5 rows
0.6 no tip no tip 7.0 3.9 2.9
0.8 no tip 9.1 3.3 2.3 1.9
1.0 no tip 4.2 2.2 1.6 1.4
1.2 no tip 2.8 1.6 1.3 1.1
1.4 17 2.1 1.3 1.0 0.89
1.6 7.3 1.6 1.1 0.87 0.76
1.8 4.6 1.4 0.92 0.75 0.66
2.0 3.4 1.2 0.80 0.66 0.58
2.2 2.7 1.0 0.71 0.59 0.52
2.4 2.2 0.90 0.64 0.53 0.47
2.6 1.9 0.81 0.58 0.49 0.43
2.8 1.6 0.73 0.53 0.45 0.40
3.0 1.5 0.67 0.49 0.41 0.37

12.2.3 Straight lashings

The tables are valid for webbing with an MSL of 20 kN or 2,000 daN – (2,000 kg = 2 tonnes) and a pre-tension of minimum 4 kN or 400 daN – (400 kg).

All masses are valid for one straight lashing.

The values in the tables are proportional to the maximum securing load (MSL) in the lashings.

STRAIGHT LASHING

Cargo mass in tonnes prevented from sliding per straight lashing
μ SIDEWAYS per side FORWARD BACKWARD
0.00 0.64 0.64 1.0
0.05 0.76 0.76 1.2
0.10 0.89 0.89 1.5
0.15 1.0 1.0 1.8
0.20 1.2 1.2 2.1
0.25 1.4 1.4 2.3
0.30 1.6 1.6 2.6
0.35 1.8 1.8 2.8
0.40 2.1 2.1 3.1
0.45 2.4 2.4 3.3
0.50 2.8 2.8 3.6
0.55 3.2 3.2 3.9
0.60 3.7 3.7 4.2
0.65 4.4 4.4 4.5
0.70 5.2 4.8 4.8
Cargo mass in tonnes prevented from tipping per straight lashing
H/B SIDEWAYS per side H/L FORWARD BACKWARD
0.6 no tip 0.6 20 20
0.8 no tip 0.8 7.6 7.6
1.0 no tip 1.0 5.1 5.1
1.2 no tip 1.2 4.0 4.0
1.4 10 1.4 3.4 3.4
1.6 4.7 1.6 3.0 3.0
1.8 3.2 1.8 2.7 2.7
2.0 2.5 2.0 2.5 2.5
2.2 2.1 2.2 2.1 2.4
2.4 1.9 2.4 1.9 2.3
2.6 1.7 2.6 1.7 2.2
2.8 1.6 2.8 1.6 2.1
3.0 1.5 3.0 1.5 2.0

12.2.4 Spring lashings

The tables are valid for webbing with an MSL of 20 kN or 2,000 daN – (2,000 kg = 2 tonnes) and a pre-tension of minimum 4 kN or 400 daN – (400 kg).

The masses in the tables are valid for one spring lashing.

The values in the tables are proportional to the maximum securing load (MSL) in the lashings.

SPRING LASHING

Cargo mass in tonnes prevented from sliding per spring lashing
μ FORWARD BACKWARD
0.00 3.6 5.8
0.05 3.9 6.5
0.10 4.3 7.3
0.15 4.7 8.3
0.20 5.1 9.0
0.25 5.6 9.4
0.30 6.1 9.9
0.35 6.8 10
0.40 7.5 11
0.45 8.3 12
0.50 9.3 12
0.55 11 13
0.60 12 13
0.65 14 14
0.70 15 15
Cargo mass in tonnes prevented from tipping per spring lashing
H/L FORWARD BACKWARD
0.6 86 86
0.8 38 38
1.0 29 29
1.2 25 25
1.4 22 22
1.6 21 21
1.8 20 20
2.0 19 19
2.2 17 19
2.4 15 18
2.6 14 18
2.8 13 18
3.0 12 17

12.3.1 Top-over lashings

The tables are valid for chain (Ø 9 mm, class 8) with an MSL of 50 kN or 5,000 daN – (5,000 kg = 5 tonnes) and a pre-tension of minimum 10 kN or 1,000 daN – (1,000 kg = 1 tonne).

The values in the tables are proportional to the pre-tension in the lashings.

The masses in the tables are valid for one top–over lashing.

TOP–OVER LASHING

Cargo mass in tonnes prevented from sliding per top-over lashing
μ SIDEWAYS FORWARD BACKWARD
0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00
0.05 0.12 0.12 0.20
0.10 0.25 0.25 0.44
0.15 0.41 0.41 0.72
0.20 0.59 0.59 0.98
0.25 0.81 0.81 1.3
0.30 1.1 1.1 1.6
0.35 1.4 1.4 1.9
0.40 1.8 1.8 2.2
0.45 2.3 2.3 2.6
0.50 3.0 3.0 3.0
0.55 3.9 3.4 3.4
0.60 5.3 3.8 3.8
0.65 7.7 4.3 4.3
0.70 12 4.8 4.8
Cargo mass in tonnes prevented from tipping per top-over lashing
SIDEWAYS   FORWARD BACKWARD
H/B 1 row 2 rows 3 rows 4 rows 5 rows H/L per section per section
0.6 no tip no tip 6.1 3.4 2.6 0.6 44 44
0.8 no tip 8.0 2.9 2.0 1.6 0.8 15 15
1.0 no tip 3.7 1.9 1.4 1.2 1.0 8.9 8.9
1.2 no tip 2.4 1.4 1.1 0.95 1.2 6.3 6.3
1.4 15 1.8 1.1 0.90 0.78 1.4 4.9 4.9
1.6 6.3 1.4 0.95 0.76 0.67 1.6 4.0 4.0
1.8 4.0 1.2 0.81 0.66 0.58 1.8 3.4 3.4
2.0 3.0 1.0 0.71 0.58 0.52 2.0 3.0 3.0
2.2 2.3 0.89 0.63 0.52 0.46 2.2 2.3 2.6
2.4 1.9 0.79 0.57 0.47 0.42 2.4 1.9 2.3
2.6 1.6 0.71 0.51 0.43 0.38 2.6 1.6 2.1
2.8 1.4 0.64 0.47 0.40 0.35 2.8 1.4 1.9
3.0 1.3 0.59 0.43 0.37 0.33 3.0 1.3 1.8

12.3.2 Half-loop lashings

The tables are valid for chain (Ø 9 mm, class 8) with an MSL of 50 kN or 5,000 daN – (5,000 kg = 5 tonnes) and a pre-tension of minimum 10 kN or 1,000 daN – (1,000 kg = 1 tonne).

The masses in the tables below are valid for one pair of half-loop lashings.

The values in the tables are proportional to the maximum securing load (MSL) in the lashings.

HALF-LOOP LASHING

Cargo mass in tonnes prevented from sliding per pair of half-loop lashing
μ SIDEWAYS
0.00 6.4
0.05 6.9
0.10 7.6
0.15 8.2
0.20 9.0
0.25 9.9
0.30 11
0.35 12
0.40 13
0.45 15
0.50 16
0.55 19
0.60 21
0.65 24
0.70 28
Cargo mass in tonnes prevented from tipping per pair of half-loop lashing
SIDEWAYS
H/B 1 row 2 rows 3 rows 4 rows 5 rows
0.6 no tip no tip 17 9.7 7.3
0.8 no tip 23 8.3 5.7 4.6
1.0 no tip 11 5.5 4.1 3.4
1.2 no tip 6.9 4.1 3.1 2.7
1.4 42 5.1 3.2 2.6 2.2
1.6 18 4.1 2.7 2.2 1.9
1.8 12 3.4 2.3 1.9 1.6
2.0 8.5 2.9 2.0 1.7 1.5
2.2 6.7 2.5 1.8 1.5 1.3
2.4 5.5 2.2 1.6 1.3 1.2
2.6 4.7 2.0 1.5 1.2 1.1
2.8 4.1 1.8 1.3 1.1 1.00
3.0 3.6 1.7 1.2 1.0 0.93

12.3.3 Straight lashings

The tables are valid for chain (Ø 9 mm, class 8) with an MSL of 50 kN or 5,000 daN – (5,000 kg = 5 tonnes) and a pre-tension of minimum 10 kN or 1,000 daN – (1,000 kg = 1 tonne).

All masses are valid for one straight lashing.

The values in the tables are proportional to the maximum securing load (MSL) in the lashings.

STRAIGHT LASHING

Cargo mass in tonnes prevented from sliding per straight lashing
μ SIDEWAYS per side FORWARD BACKWARD
0.00 1.6 1.6 2.5
0.05 1.9 1.9 3.1
0.10 2.2 2.2 3.8
0.15 2.6 2.6 4.6
0.20 3.0 3.0 5.2
0.25 3.4 3.4 5.8
0.30 3.9 3.9 6.4
0.35 4.5 4.5 7.0
0.40 5.2 5.2 7.6
0.45 6.0 6.0 8.3
0.50 6.9 6.9 9.0
0.55 8.0 8.0 9.7
0.60 9.3 9.3 11
0.65 11 11 11
0.70 13 12 12
Cargo mass in tonnes prevented from tipping per straight lashing
H/B SIDEWAYS per side H/L FORWARD BACKWARD
0.6 no tip 0.6 51 51
0.8 no tip 0.8 19 19
1.0 no tip 1.0 13 13
1.2 no tip 1.2 10 10
1.4 25 1.4 8.5 8.5
1.6 12 1.6 7.5 7.5
1.8 8.1 1.8 6.9 6.9
2.0 6.4 2.0 6.4 6.4
2.2 5.4 2.2 5.4 6.0
2.4 4.7 2.4 4.7 5.7
2.6 4.2 2.6 4.2 5.5
2.8 3.9 2.8 3.9 5.3
3.0 3.6 3.0 3.6 5.1

12.3.4 Spring lashings

The tables are valid for chain (Ø 9 mm, class 8) with an MSL of 50 kN or 5,000 daN – (5,000 kg = 5 tonnes) and a pre-tension of minimum 10 kN or 1,000 daN – (1,000 kg = 1 tonne).

The masses in the tables are valid for one spring lashing.

The values in the tables are proportional to the maximum securing load (MSL) in the lashings.

SPRING LASHING

Cargo mass in tonnes prevented from sliding per spring lashing
μ FORWARD BACKWARD
0.00 9.0 14
0.05 9.8 16
0.10 11 18
0.15 12 21
0.20 13 22
0.25 14 24
0.30 15 25
0.35 17 26
0.40 19 28
0.45 21 29
0.50 23 30
0.55 26 32
0.60 30 34
0.65 34 35
0.70 37 37
Cargo mass in tonnes prevented from tipping per spring lashing
H/L FORWARD BACKWARD
0.6 216 216
0.8 96 96
1.0 72 72
1.2 62 62
1.4 56 56
1.6 52 52
1.8 50 50
2.0 48 48
2.2 42 47
2.4 38 46
2.6 35 45
2.8 33 44
3.0 31 43

12.4.1 Top-over lashings

The tables are valid for steel strapping (32 ✕ 0.8 mm) with an MSL of 17 kN or 1,700 daN – (1,700 kg = 1.7 tonnes) and a pre-tension of minimum 2.4 kN or 240 daN – (240 kg).

The values in the tables are proportional to the pre-tension in the lashings.

The masses in the tables are valid for one top-over lashing.

TOP–OVER LASHING

Cargo mass in tonnes prevented from sliding per top-over lashing
μ SIDEWAYS FORWARD BACKWARD
0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00
0.05 0.03 0.03 0.05
0.10 0.06 0.06 0.11
0.15 0.10 0.10 0.17
0.20 0.14 0.14 0.24
0.25 0.19 0.19 0.30
0.30 0.26 0.26 0.38
0.35 0.33 0.33 0.45
0.40 0.43 0.43 0.53
0.45 0.55 0.55 0.62
0.50 0.71 0.71 0.71
0.55 0.94 0.81 0.81
0.60 1.3 0.91 0.91
0.65 1.8 1.0 1.0
0.70 3.0 1.1 1.1
Cargo mass in tonnes prevented from tipping per top-over lashing
SIDEWAYS   FORWARD BACKWARD
H/B 1 row 2 rows 3 rows 4 rows 5 rows H/L per section per section
0.6 no tip no tip 1.5 0.82 0.62 0.6 11 11
0.8 no tip 1.9 0.70 0.48 0.39 0.8 3.5 3.5
1.0 no tip 0.89 0.46 0.34 0.29 1.0 2.1 2.1
1.2 no tip 0.58 0.34 0.27 0.23 1.2 1.5 1.5
1.4 3.5 0.43 0.27 0.22 0.19 1.4 1.2 1.2
1.6 1.5 0.34 0.23 0.18 0.16 1.6 0.97 0.97
1.8 0.97 0.28 0.19 0.16 0.14 1.8 0.82 0.82
2.0 0.71 0.24 0.17 0.14 0.12 2.0 0.71 0.71
2.2 0.56 0.21 0.15 0.13 0.11 2.2 0.56 0.63
2.4 0.46 0.19 0.14 0.11 0.10 2.4 0.46 0.56
2.6 0.39 0.17 0.12 0.10 0.09 2.6 0.39 0.51
2.8 0.34 0.15 0.11 0.09 0.08 2.8 0.34 0.46
3.0 0.30 0.14 0.10 0.09 0.08 3.0 0.30 0.43

12.4.2 Half-loop lashings

The tables are valid for steel strapping (32 ✕ 0.8 mm) with an MSL of 17 kN or 1,700 daN – (1,700 kg = 1.7 tonnes) and a pre-tension of minimum 2.4 kN or 240 daN – (240 kg).

The masses in the tables below are valid for one pair of half-loop lashings.

The values in the tables are proportional to the maximum securing load (MSL) in the lashings.

HALF-LOOP LASHING

Cargo mass in tonnes prevented from sliding per pair of half-loop lashing
μ SIDEWAYS
0.00 2.2
0.05 2.4
0.10 2.6
0.15 2.8
0.20 3.1
0.25 3.4
0.30 3.7
0.35 4.1
0.40 4.5
0.45 5.0
0.50 5.6
0.55 6.3
0.60 7.2
0.65 8.2
0.70 9.6
Cargo mass in tonnes prevented from tipping per pair of half-loop lashing
SIDEWAYS
H/B 1 row 2 rows 3 rows 4 rows 5 rows
0.6 no tip no tip 5.9 3.3 2.5
0.8 no tip 7.7 2.8 1.9 1.6
1.0 no tip 3.6 1.9 1.4 1.2
1.2 no tip 2.4 1.4 1.1 0.91
1.4 14 1.7 1.1 0.87 0.75
1.6 6.2 1.4 0.92 0.74 0.64
1.8 3.9 1.2 0.78 0.64 0.56
2.0 2.9 0.98 0.68 0.56 0.50
2.2 2.3 0.86 0.61 0.50 0.44
2.4 1.9 0.76 0.55 0.45 0.40
2.6 1.6 0.69 0.50 0.41 0.37
2.8 1.4 0.62 0.45 0.38 0.34
3.0 1.2 0.57 0.42 0.35 0.32

12.4.3 Straight lashings

The tables are valid for steel strapping (32 ✕ 0.8 mm) with an MSL of 17 kN or 1,700 daN – (1,700 kg = 1.7 tonnes) and a pre-tension of minimum 2.4 kN or 240 daN – (240 kg).

All masses are valid for one straight lashing.

The values in the tables are proportional to the maximum securing load (MSL) in the lashings.

STRAIGHT LASHING

Cargo mass in tonnes prevented from sliding per straight lashing
μ SIDEWAYS per side FORWARD BACKWARD
0.00 0.54 0.54 0.87
0.05 0.64 0.64 1.1
0.10 0.75 0.75 1.3
0.15 0.88 0.88 1.6
0.20 1.0 1.0 1.8
0.25 1.2 1.2 2.0
0.30 1.3 1.3 2.2
0.35 1.5 1.5 2.4
0.40 1.8 1.8 2.6
0.45 2.0 2.0 2.8
0.50 2.3 2.3 3.1
0.55 2.7 2.7 3.3
0.60 3.2 3.2 3.6
0.65 3.7 3.7 3.9
0.70 4.4 4.1 4.1
Cargo mass in tonnes prevented from tipping per straight lashing
H/B SIDEWAYS per side H/L FORWARD BACKWARD
0.6 no tip 0.6 17 17
0.8 no tip 0.8 6.5 6.5
1.0 no tip 1.0 4.3 4.3
1.2 no tip 1.2 3.4 3.4
1.4 8.7 1.4 2.9 2.9
1.6 4.0 1.6 2.6 2.6
1.8 2.8 1.8 2.3 2.3
2.0 2.2 2.0 2.2 2.2
2.2 1.8 2.2 1.8 2.0
2.4 1.6 2.4 1.6 1.9
2.6 1.4 2.6 1.4 1.9
2.8 1.3 2.8 1.3 1.8
3.0 1.2 3.0 1.2 1.7

12.4.4 Spring lashings

The tables are valid for steel strapping (32 0.8 mm) with an MSL of 17 kN or 1,700 daN – (1,700 kg = 1.7 tonnes) and a pre-tension of minimum 2.4 kN or 240 daN – (240 kg).

The masses in the tables are valid for one spring lashing.

The values in the tables are proportional to the maximum securing load (MSL) in the lashings.

SPRING LASHING

Cargo mass in tonnes prevented from sliding per spring lashing
μ FORWARD BACKWARD
0.00 3.1 4.9
0.05 3.3 5.5
0.10 3.6 6.2
0.15 4.0 7.0
0.20 4.3 7.6
0.25 4.8 8.0
0.30 5.2 8.5
0.35 5.8 8.9
0.40 6.4 9.4
0.45 7.1 9.9
0.50 7.9 10
0.55 8.9 11
0.60 10 11
0.65 12 12
0.70 13 13
Cargo mass in tonnes prevented from tipping per spring lashing
H/L FORWARD BACKWARD
0.6 74 74
0.8 33 33
1.0 25 25
1.2 21 21
1.4 19 19
1.6 18 18
1.8 17 17
2.0 16 16
2.2 14 16
2.4 13 15
2.6 12 15
2.8 11 15
3.0 11 15

12.5.1 Top-over lashings

The tables are valid for steel wire rope (Ø 16 mm/144 wires) with an MSL of 91 kN or 9,100 daN – (9,100 kg = 9.1 tonnes) and a pre-tension of minimum 10 kN or 1,000 daN – (1,000 kg = 1 tonne).

The values in the tables are proportional to the pre-tension in the lashings.

The masses in the tables are valid for one top-over lashing.

TOP–OVER LASHING

Cargo mass in tonnes prevented from sliding per top-over lashing
μ SIDEWAYS FORWARD BACKWARD
0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00
0.05 0.12 0.12 0.20
0.10 0.25 0.25 0.44
0.15 0.41 0.41 0.72
0.20 0.59 0.59 0.98
0.25 0.81 0.81 1.3
0.30 1.1 1.1 1.6
0.35 1.4 1.4 1.9
0.40 1.8 1.8 2.2
0.45 2.3 2.3 2.6
0.50 3.0 3.0 3.0
0.55 3.9 3.4 3.4
0.60 5.3 3.8 3.8
0.65 7.7 4.3 4.3
0.70 12 4.8 4.8
Cargo mass in tonnes prevented from tipping per top-over lashing
SIDEWAYS   FORWARD BACKWARD
H/B 1 row 2 rows 3 rows 4 rows 5 rows H/L per section per section
0.6 no tip no tip 6.1 3.4 2.6 0.6 44 44
0.8 no tip 8.0 2.9 2.0 1.6 0.8 15 15
1.0 no tip 3.7 1.9 1.4 1.2 1.0 8.9 8.9
1.2 no tip 2.4 1.4 1.1 0.95 1.2 6.3 6.3
1.4 15 1.8 1.1 0.90 0.78 1.4 4.9 4.9
1.6 6.3 1.4 0.95 0.76 0.67 1.6 4.0 4.0
1.8 4.0 1.2 0.81 0.66 0.58 1.8 3.4 3.4
2.0 3.0 1.0 0.71 0.58 0.52 2.0 3.0 3.0
2.2 2.3 0.89 0.63 0.52 0.46 2.2 2.3 2.6
2.4 1.9 0.79 0.57 0.47 0.42 2.4 1.9 2.3
2.6 1.6 0.71 0.51 0.43 0.38 2.6 1.6 2.1
2.8 1.4 0.64 0.47 0.40 0.35 2.8 1.4 1.9
3.0 1.3 0.59 0.43 0.37 0.33 3.0 1.3 1.8

12.5.2 Half-loop lashings

The tables are valid for steel wire rope (Ø 16 mm/144 wires) with an MSL of 91 kN or 9,100 daN – (9,100 kg = 9.1 tonnes) and a pre-tension of minimum 10 kN or 1,000 daN – (1,000 kg = 1 tonne).

The masses in the tables below are valid for one pair of half-loop lashings.

The values in the tables are proportional to the maximum securing load (MSL) in the lashings.

HALF-LOOP LASHING

Cargo mass in tonnes prevented from sliding per pair of half-loop lashing
μ SIDEWAYS
0.00 12
0.05 13
0.10 14
0.15 15
0.20 16
0.25 18
0.30 20
0.35 22
0.40 24
0.45 27
0.50 30
0.55 34
0.60 38
0.65 44
0.70 51
Cargo mass in tonnes prevented from tipping per pair of half-loop lashing
SIDEWAYS
H/B 1 row 2 rows 3 rows 4 rows 5 rows
0.6 no tip no tip 32 18 13
0.8 no tip 41 15 10 8.4
1.0 no tip 19 9.9 7.4 6.2
1.2 no tip 13 7.4 5.7 4.9
1.4 77 9.4 5.9 4.7 4.0
1.6 33 7.4 4.9 3.9 3.4
1.8 21 6.2 4.2 3.4 3.0
2.0 15 5.3 3.7 3.0 2.7
2.2 12 4.6 3.3 2.7 2.4
2.4 10 4.1 2.9 2.4 2.2
2.6 8.6 3.7 2.7 2.2 2.0
2.8 7.5 3.3 2.4 2.0 1.8
3.0 6.6 3.1 2.2 1.9 1.7

12.5.3 Straight lashings

The tables are valid for steel wire rope (Ø 16 mm/144 wires) with an MSL of 91 kN or 9,100 daN – (9,100 kg = 9.1 tonnes) and a pre-tension of minimum 10 kN or 1,000 daN – (1,000 kg = 1 tonne).

All masses are valid for one straight lashing.

The values in the tables are proportional to the maximum securing load (MSL) in the lashings.

STRAIGHT LASHING

Cargo mass in tonnes prevented from sliding per straight lashing
μ SIDEWAYS per side FORWARD BACKWARD
0.00 2.9 2.9 4.6
0.05 3.4 3.4 5.7
0.10 4.0 4.0 6.9
0.15 4.7 4.7 8.3
0.20 5.4 5.4 9.5
0.25 6.2 6.2 11
0.30 7.2 7.2 12
0.35 8.2 8.2 13
0.40 9.5 9.5 14
0.45 11 11 15
0.50 13 13 16
0.55 15 15 18
0.60 17 17 19
0.65 20 20 21
0.70 23 22 22
Cargo mass in tonnes prevented from tipping per straight lashing
H/B SIDEWAYS per side H/L FORWARD BACKWARD
0.6 no tip 0.6 93 93
0.8 no tip 0.8 35 35
1.0 no tip 1.0 23 23
1.2 no tip 1.2 18 18
1.4 46 1.4 15 15
1.6 22 1.6 14 14
1.8 15 1.8 12 12
2.0 12 2.0 12 12
2.2 9.8 2.2 9.8 11
2.4 8.6 2.4 8.6 10
2.6 7.7 2.6 7.7 9.9
2.8 7.1 2.8 7.1 9.6
3.0 6.6 3.0 6.6 9.3

12.5.4 Spring lashings

The tables are valid for steel wire rope (16 mm/144 wires) with an MSL of 91 kN or 9,100 daN – (9,100 kg = 9.1 tonnes) and a pre-tension of minimum 10 kN or 1,000 daN – (1,000 kg = 1 tonne).

The masses in the tables are valid for one spring lashing.

The values in the tables are proportional to the maximum securing load (MSL) in the lashings.

SPRING LASHING

Cargo mass in tonnes prevented from sliding per spring lashing
μ FORWARD BACKWARD
0.00 16 26
0.05 18 29
0.10 19 33
0.15 21 38
0.20 23 41
0.25 25 43
0.30 28 45
0.35 31 48
0.40 34 50
0.45 38 53
0.50 42 56
0.55 48 58
0.60 54 61
0.65 62 65
0.70 68 68
Cargo mass in tonnes prevented from tipping per spring lashing
H/L FORWARD BACKWARD
0.6 394 394
0.8 175 175
1.0 131 131
1.2 112 112
1.4 102 102
1.6 95 95
1.8 91 91
2.0 87 87
2.2 76 85
2.4 68 83
2.6 63 81
2.8 59 80
3.0 56 79

12.6 TAG WASHERS AND NAILS

TAG WASHER

Approximate cargo mass in tonnes prevented from sliding by one tag washer for wood on wood in combination with top-over lashing only
μ\** SIDEWAYS
Ø 48 Ø 62 Ø 75 Ø 95 30✕57 48✕65 130✕130
BS(ton) 0.5 0.7 0.9 1.2 0.5 0.7 1.5
0.10 0.18 0.25 0.32 0.43 0.18 0.25 0.54
0.20 0.21 0.29 0.38 0.50 0.21 0.29 0.63
0.30 0.25 0.35 0.45 0.60 0.25 0.35 0.75
  FORWARD
0.10 0.18 0.25 0.32 0.43 0.18 0.25 0.54
0.20 0.21 0.29 0.38 0.50 0.21 0.29 0.63
0.30 0.25 0.35 0.45 0.60 0.25 0.35 0.75
  BACKWARD
0.10 0.31 0.44 0.56 0.75 0.31 0.44 0.94
0.20 0.35 0.49 0.63 0.83 0.35 0.49 1.0
0.30 0.37 0.51 0.66 0.88 0.37 0.51 1.1
\** Between tag washer and platform bed/cargo.
4 in (100 mm) – NAIL

Approximate cargo mass in tonnes prevented from sliding by one nail
μ\*** SIDEWAYS

per side

 FORWARD BACKWARD
blank galvanised blank galvanised blank Galvanised
BS (ton) 0.22 0.32 0.22 0.32 0.22 0.32
0.00 0.14 0.20 0.14 0.20 0.22 0.32
0.05 0.15 0.21 0.15 0.21 0.24 0.36
0.10 0.16 0.23 0.16 0.23 0.28 0.40
0.15 0.17 0.25 0.17 0.25 0.30 0.43
0.20 0.18 0.27 0.18 0.27 0.31 0.44
0.25 0.20 0.29 0.20 0.29 0.31 0.46
0.30 0.22 0.32 0.22 0.32 0.32 0.47
0.35 0.24 0.36 0.24 0.36 0.33 0.48
0.40 0.28 0.40 0.28 0.40 0.34 0.50
0.45 0.31 0.46 0.31 0.46 0.35 0.52
0.50 0.37 0.53 0.37 0.53 0.37 0.53
0.55 0.44 0.64 0.38 0.55 0.38 0.55
0.60 0.55 0.80 0.39 0.57 0.39 0.57
0.65 0.73 1.1 0.41 0.59 0.41 0.59
0.70 1.1 1.6 0.42 0.62 0.42 0.62
\*** Between cargo and platform bed.
Parent topic: Informative Material Related to the IMO/ILO/UNECE Code Of Practice For Packing Of Cargo Transport Units (CTU Code)
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