1.8.1 The area of the NWHI is a prime example
of a self-sustaining ecological entity. The volcanic islands, coral
atolls, shallow reefs, banks, slopes, shoals, seamounts, deep reefs,
and open water form the basis for this interlocking and complex ecosystem.
Its integrated nature is evidenced by the vast number of interdependent
processes that connect the varied NWHI habitats, as discussed in particular
in section 3.4 (Dependency) of this proposal. Examples of this include:
(1) the critical link between the shallow coral reef and the deep
ocean floor habitats manifested by species that migrate regularly
from great depths and are consumed by many shallower water animals;
(2) the foraging, feeding, breeding, and pupping areas of the Hawaiian
monk seal range from the offshore, deepwater habitats to the land
areas; and (3) the deposits of bird guano stimulate algal growth which,
when combined with wave action, contributes to the growth of other
species and the high productivity of the ecosystem.
1.8.2 While the NWHI are a part of the greater
chain of Hawaiian Islands, there is clear evidence that the NWHI function
as a distinct, biological unit. The NWHI ecosystem is highly productive,
diverse, and apex predator-dominated while the ecosystem around the
main Hawaiian Islands has substantially lower productivity, less species
diversity, and is not apex predator-dominated. These differences demonstrate
that the NWHI function as an integral unit.