Part A - General
7.1 General requirements
7.1.1 The following basic principles underlay
the provisions in this chapter and are embodied therein as appropriate,
having regard to the category of craft and the potential fire hazard
involved:
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.1 maintenance of the main functions and safety
systems of the craft, including propulsion and control, fire detection,
alarms and extinguishing capability of unaffected spaces, after fire
in any one compartment on board;
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.2 division of the passenger accommodation area
for category B craft, in such a way that the occupants of any compartment
can escape to an alternative safe area or compartment in case of fire;
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.3 subdivision of the craft by fire-resisting
boundaries;
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.4 restricted use of combustible materials and
materials generating smoke and toxic gases in a fire;
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.5 detection, containment and extinction of any
fire in the space of origin;
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.6 protection of means of escape and access for
fire fighting; and
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.7 immediate availability of fire-extinguishing
appliances.
7.1.2 The requirements in this
chapter are based on the following conditions:
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.1 Where a fire is detected, the crew immediately
puts into action the fire-fighting procedures, informs the base port
of the accident and prepares for the escape of passengers to alternative
safe area or compartment, or, if necessary, for the evacuation of
passengers.
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.2 The use of fuel with a flashpoint below 43°C
is not recommended. However, fuel with a lower flashpoint, but not
lower then 35°C, may be used in gas turbines only subject to compliance
with the provisions specified in 7.5.1 to
7.5.6.
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.3 The repair and maintenance of the craft is
carried out in accordance with the requirements given in chapters18 and 19 of this
Code.
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.4 Enclosed spaces such as cinemas, discotheques,
and similar spaces are not permitted. Refreshment kiosks which do
not contain cooking facilities with exposed heating surfaces may be
permitted. Galleys, if fitted, should be in full compliance with chapter II-2 of the Convention.
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.5 Dangerous goods may be carried provided the
relevant provisions of regulations II-2/53
and 54 of the Convention are complied with.
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.6 Passenger access to vehicle spaces is prohibited
during the voyage except when accompanied by a crew member responsible
for fire safety. Only authorized crew members should be permitted
to enter cargo spaces at sea.
7.2 Definitions
7.2.1 "Fire-resisting divisions"
are those divisions formed by bulkheads and decks which comply with
the following:
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.1 They should be constructed of non-combustible
or fire-restricting materials which by insulation or inherent fire-resisting
properties satisfy the requirements of 7.2.1.2 to 7.2.1.6.
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.2 They should be suitably stiffened.
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.3 They should be so constructed as to be capable
of preventing the passage of smoke and flame up to the end of the
appropriate fire protection time.
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.4 Where required, they should maintain load-carrying
capabilities up to the end of the appropriate fire protection time.
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.5 They should have thermal properties such that
the average temperature on the unexposed side will not rise more than
139°C above the original temperature, nor will the temperature,
at any one point, including any joint, rise more than 180°C above
the original temperature during the appropriate fire protection time.
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.6 A test in accordance with the test procedures
for a prototype bulkhead and deck should be required to ensure that
it meets the above requirements.
7.2.2 "Fire-restricting materials" are those materials
which have properties complying with the standards developed by the
Organizationfootnote with respect to the following:
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.1 they should have low flame-spread characteristics;
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.2 limit heat flux, due regard being paid to the
risk of ignition of furniture in the compartment;
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.3 limited rate of heat release, due regard being
paid to the risk of spread of fire to an adjacent compartment; and
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.4 gas and smoke should not be emitted in quantities
that could be dangerous to the occupants of the craft.
7.2.3 "Local fire", the standards for compliance
with 7.2.2.2 are to be developed by the Organizationfootnoteas applicable to surface materials on bulkheads, wall,
and ceiling linings including their supporting structure as considered
necessary.
7.2.4 "Non-combustible material" is a material
which neither burns nor gives off flammable vapours in sufficient
quantity for self-ignition when heated to approximately 750°C,
this being determined to the satisfaction of the Administration by
an established test procedurefootnote. Any other
material is a combustible material.
7.2.5 "A standard fire test" is one in which specimens
of the relevant bulkheads, decks or other constructions are exposed
in a test furnace by specified test method according to the standards footnotedeveloped by the Organization.
7.2.6 Where the words "steel or other equivalent
material" occur, "equivalent material" means any non-combustible material
which, by itself or due to insulation provided, has structural and
integrity properties equivalent to steel at the end of the applicable
exposure to the standard fire test (e.g., aluminium alloy with appropriate
insulation).
7.2.7 "Low flame-spread" means that the surface
thus described will adequately restrict the spread of flame, this
being determined by an established test procedurefootnotedeveloped
by the Organization.
7.2.8 "Smoke-tight" or "capable of preventing
the passage of smoke" means that a division made of non-combustible
or fire-restricting materials is capable of preventing the passage
of smoke.
7.3 Classification of space use
7.3.1 For the purposes of classification of space
use in accordance with fire hazard risks, the following grouping should
apply:
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.1 "Areas of major fire hazard" referred to in
tables 7.4-1 and 7.4-2 by A, include
the following spaces:
- Machinery spaces
- Open vehicle spaces
- Spaces containing dangerous goods
- Special category spaces
- Store-rooms containing flammable liquids
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.2 "Areas of moderate fire hazard" referred to
in tables 7.4-1 and 7.4-2 by B, include
the following spaces:
- Auxiliary machinery spaces, as defined in 1.4.3
- Bond stores containing packaged beverages with alcohol content
not exceeding 24% by volume
- Crew accommodations
- Service spaces
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.3 "Areas of minor fire hazard" referred to in
tables 7.4-1 and 7.4-2 by C, include
the following spaces:
- Auxiliary machinery spaces, as defined in 1.4.4
- Cargo spaces
- Fuel tank compartments
- Public spaces
- Tanks, voids and areas of little or no fire risk
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.4 "Control stations" referred to in tables 7.4-1 and 7.4-2 by D, as defined
in 1.4.13.
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.5 "Evacuation stations and external escape routes"
referred to in tables 7.4-1 and 7.4-2 by
E, include the following areas:
- External stairs and open decks sued for escape routes
- Muster stations, internal and external
- Open deck spaces and enclosed promenades forming lifeboat and
liferaft embarkation and lowering stations
- The craft's side to the waterline in the lightest seagoing condition,
superstructure and deckhouse sides situated below and adjacent to
the liferaft's and evacuation slide's embarkation areas
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.6 "Open spaces" referred to in tables 7.4-1 and 7.4-2 by F, include the following
areas:
- Open spaces locations other than evacuation stations and external
escape routes and control stations.
7.4 Structural fire protection
Figure 7.4-1 Structural Fire Protection Times for Separating Bulkheads and Decks of
Passenger Craft
Figure 7.4-2 Protection Times for Separating Bulkheads and Decks of Cargo
Craft
7.4.1 Main structure
7.4.1.1 The requirements below apply to all craft
irrespective of construction material. The structural fire protection
times for separating bulkheads and decks should be in accordance with tables 7.4-1 and 7.4-2, and the structural fire protection times are all based on
providing protection for a period of 60 min as referred to in 4.8.1. If any other lesser structural fire
protection time is determined for category A craft and cargo craft
by 4.8.1, then the times given below
in 7.4.2.2 and 7.4.2.3 may be amended pro-rata. In no case should
the structural fire protection time be less than 30 min.
7.4.1.2 In using tables
7.4-1 and 7.4-2, it should
be noted that the title of each category is intended to be typical
rather than restricted. For determining the appropriate fire integrity
standards to be applied to boundaries between adjacent spaces, where
there is doubt as to their classification for the purpose of this
section, they should be treated as spaces within the relevant category
having the most stringent boundary requirement.
7.4.1.3 The hull, superstructure, structural bulkheads,
decks, deckhouses and pillars should be constructed of approved non-combustible
materials having adequate structural properties. The use of other
fire-restricting materials may be permitted provided the requirements
of this chapter are complied with (including a test procedure, developed
by the Organizationfootnote, for structural strength
of composites at elevated temperatures).
7.4.2 Fire-resisting divisions
7.4.2.1 Areas of major and moderate fire hazard
should be enclosed by fire-resisting divisions complying with the
requirements of 7.2.1 except where
the omission of any such division would not affect the safety of the
craft. These requirements need not apply to those parts of the structure
in contact with water at the lightweight condition, but due regard
should be given to the effect of temperature of hull in contact with
water and heat transfer from any uninsulated structure in contact
with water to insulated structure above the water.
7.4.2.2 Fire-resisting bulkheads and decks should
be constructed to resist exposure to the standard fire test for a
period of 30 min for areas of moderate fire hazard and 60 min for
areas of major fire hazards except as provided in 7.4.1.1.
7.4.2.3 Main load-carrying structures within major
and moderate fire hazard areas should be arranged to distribute load
such that there will be no collapse of the construction of the hull
and superstructure when it is exposed to fire for the appropriate
fire protection time. The load-carrying structure should also comply
with the requirements of 7.4.2.4 and 7.4.2.5.
7.4.2.4 If the structures specified in 7.4.2.3
are made of aluminium alloy their installation should be such that
the temperature of the core does not rise more than 200°C above
the ambient temperature in accordance with the times in 7.4.1.1 and 7.4.2.2.
7.4.2.5 If the structures specified in 7.4.2.3
are made of combustible material, their insulation should be such
that their temperatures will not rise to a level where deterioration
of the construction will occur during the exposure to the composite
standard fire test developed by the Organization to such an extent
that the load-carrying capability, in accordance with the times in 7.4.1.1 and 7.4.2.3, will be impaired.
7.4.2.6 The construction of all doors, and door
frames in fire-resisting divisions, with the means of securing them
when closed, should provide resistance to fire as well as to the passage
of smoke and flame equivalent to that of the bulkheads in which they
are situated. Watertight doors of steel need not be insulated. Also,
where a fire-resisting division is penetrated by pipes, ducts, controls,
electrical cables or for other purposes, arrangements and necessary
testing should be made to ensure that the fire-resisting integrity
of the division is not impaired.
7.4.3 Restricted use of combustible
materials
7.4.3.1 All separating divisions, ceilings or
linings if not a fire-resisting division, should be of non-combustible
or fire-restricting materials.
7.4.3.2 Where insulation is installed in areas
in which it could come into contact with any flammable fluids or their
vapours, its surface should be impermeable to such flammable fluids
or vapours. The exposed surfaces of vapour barriers and adhesives
used in conjunction with insulation materials should have low flame-spread
characteristics.
7.4.3.3 Furniture and furnishings in public spaces
and crew accommodation should comply with the following standards:
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.1 all case furniture is constructed entirely
of approved non-combustible or fire-restricting materials, except
that a combustible veneer with a calorific value not exceeding 45
MJ/m2 may be used on the exposed surface of such articles;
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.2 all other furniture such as chairs, sofas and
tables is constructed with frames of non-combustible or fire-restricting
materials;
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.3 all draperies, curtains and other suspended
textile materials have qualities of resistance to the propagation
of flame in accordance with standardsAnnex 9 - Criteria for Testing and Evaluation of Revenue and Crew Seats developed
by the Organization:
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.4 all upholstered furniture has qualities of
resistance to the ignition and propagation of flame in accordance
with standardsfootnote developed by the Organization;
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.5 all bedding components comply with the standardsfootnote developed by the Organization; and
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.6 all deck finish materials comply with the standardsfootnote developed by the Organization.
7.4.3.4 The following surfaces should, as a minimum
standard be constructed of materials having low flame-spread characteristics:
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.1 exposed surfaces in corridors and stairway
enclosures, and of bulkheads, wall and ceiling linings in all accommodation
and service spaces and control stations;
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.2 concealed or inaccessible spaces in accommodation,
service spaces and control stations.
7.4.3.5 Any thermal and acoustic insulation material,
if not in compliance with 7.2.1 or 7.2.2,
should be of non-combustible material.
7.4.3.6 Materials used in the craft, when exposed
to fire, should not emit smoke or toxic gases in quantities that could
be dangerous to humans as determined in tests of a standard developed
by the Organization.
7.4.3.7 Void compartments, where low density combustible
materials are used to provide buoyancy, should be protected from adjacent
fire hazard areas by fire-resisting divisions, in accordance with
tables 7.4-1 and 7.4-2. Also, the
space and closures to it should be gastight but it should be ventilated
to atmosphere.
7.4.3.8 In compartments where smoking is allowed,
suitable non-combustible ash containers should be provided. In compartments
where smoking is not allowed, adequate notices should be displayed.
7.4.3.9 The exhaust gas pipes should be arranged
so that the risk of fire is kept to a minimum. To this effect, the
exhaust system should be insulated and all the compartments and structures
which are contiguous with the exhaust system, or those which may be
affected by increased temperatures caused by waste gases in normal
operation or in an emergency, should be constructed of non-combustible
material or be shielded and insulated with non-combustible material
to protect from high temperatures.
7.4.3.10 The design and arrangement of the exhaust
manifolds or pipes should be such as to ensure the safe discharge
of exhaust gases.
7.4.4 Arrangement
7.4.4.1 Internal stairways which serve more than
two decks of accommodation should be enclosed at all levels with smoke-tight
divisions of non-combustible or fire-restricting materials, and where
only two decks are served, such enclosures should be provided on at
least one level. Stairways may be fitted in the open in a public space,
provided they lie wholly within such public space.
7.4.4.2 Lift trunks should be so fitted as to
prevent the passage of smoke and flame from one deck to another and
should be provided with means of closing so as to permit the control
of draught and smoke.
7.4.4.3 In accommodation and service spaces, control
stations, corridors and stairways air spaces enclosed behind ceilings,
panelling or linings should be suitably divided by close fitting draught
stops not more than 14 m apart.
7.5 Fuel and other flammable fluid
tanks and systems
7.5.1 Tanks containing fuel and other flammable
fluids should be separated from passenger, crew, and baggage compartments
by vapour-proof enclosures or cofferdams which are suitably ventilated
and drained.
7.5.2 Fuel oil tanks should not be located in
or contiguous to major fire hazard areas. However, flammable fluids
of a flashpoint not less than 60°C may be located within such
areas provided the tanks are made of steel or other equivalent material.
7.5.3 Every oil fuel pipe which, if damaged, would
allow oil to escape from a storage, settling or daily service tank
should be fitted with a cock or valve directly on the tank capable
of being closed from a position outside the space concerned in the
event of a fire occurring in the space in which such tanks are situated.
7.5.4 Pipes, valves and couplings conveying flammable
fluids should be of steel or such alternative material satisfactory
to a standardfootnote, in respect of strength and
fire integrity having regard to the service pressure and the spaces
in which they are installed. Wherever practicable, the use of flexible
pipes should be avoided.
7.5.5 Pipes, valves and couplings conveying flammable
fluids should be arranged as far from hot surfaces or air intakes
of engine installations, electrical appliances and other potential
sources of ignition as is practicable and be located or shielded so
that the likelihood of fluid leakage coming into contact with such
sources of ignition is kept to a minimum.
7.5.6 Fuel with a flashpoint below 35°C should
not be used. In every craft in which fuel with a flashpoint below
43°C is used, the arrangements for the storage, distribution and
utilization of the fuel should be such that, having regard to the
hazard of fire and explosion which the use of such fuel may entail,
the safety of the craft and of persons on board is preserved. The
arrangements should comply, in addition to the requirements of 7.5.1
to 7.5.5, with the following provisions:
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.1 tanks for the storage of such fuel should be
located outside any machinery space and at a distance of not less
than 760 mm inboard from the shell side and bottom plating, and from
decks and bulkheads;
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.2 arrangements should be made to prevent overpressure
in any fuel tank or in any part of the oil fuel system, including
the filling pipes. Any relief valves and air or overflow pipes should
discharge to a position which, in the opinion of the Administration,
is safe;
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.3 the spaces in which fuel tanks are located
should be mechanically ventilated using exhaust fans providing not
less than six air changes per hour. The fans should be such as to
avoid the possibility of ignition of flammable gas air mixtures. Suitable
wire mesh guards should be fitted over inlet and outlet ventilation
openings. The outlets for such exhausts should be discharged to a
position which, in the opinion of the Administration, is safe. `No
Smoking' signs should be posted at the entrances to such spaces;
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.4 earthed electrical distribution systems should
not be used, with the exception of earthed intrinsically safe circuits;
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.5 suitable certified safe type footnoteelectrical equipment should be used in all spaces
where fuel leakage could occur including ventilation system. Only
electrical equipment and fittings essential for operational purposes
should be fitted in such spaces;
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.6 a fixed vapour detection system should be installed
in each space through which fuel lines pass, with alarms provided
at the continuously manned control station;
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.7 every fuel tank should, where necessary, be
provided with "savealls" or gutters which would catch any fuel which
may leak from such tank;
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.8 safe and efficient means of ascertaining the
amount of fuel contained in any tank should be provided. Sounding
pipes should not terminate in any space where the risk of ignition
of spillage from the sounding pipe might arise. In particular, they
should not terminate in passenger or crew spaces. The use of gauge
glasses is prohibited. Other means of ascertaining the amount of fuel
contained in any tank may be permitted if such means do not require
penetration below the top of the tank, and providing their failure
or overfilling of the tank will not permit the release of fuel;
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.9 during bunkering operations no passenger should
be on board the craft or in the vicinity of the bunkering station,
and adequate 'No Smoking' and 'No Naked Lights' signs should be posted.
Vessel-to-shore fuel connections should be of closed type and suitably
grounded during bunkering operations;
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.10 the provision of fire detection and extinguishing
systems in spaces where non-integral fuel tanks are located should
be in accordance with paragraphs 7.7.1 to
7.7.4; and
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.11 refuelling of the craft should be done at
the approved refuelling facilities, detailed in the route operational
manual, at which the following fire appliances are provided:
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.11.1 a suitable foam applicator system consisting
of monitors and foam making branch pipes capable of delivering foam
solution at a rate of not less than 500 l/min for not less than 10
min;
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.11.2 dry powder extinguishers of total capacity
not less than 50 kg; and
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.11.3 carbon dioxide extinguishers of total capacity
not less that 16 kg.
7.6 Ventilation
7.6.1 The main inlets and outlets of all ventilation
systems should be capable of being closed from outside the spaces
being ventilated. In addition, such openings to areas of major fire
hazard should be capable of being closed from a continuously manned
control station.
7.6.2 All ventilation fans should be capable of
being stopped from outside the spaces which they serve, and from outside
the spaces in which they are installed. Ventilation fans serving major
fire hazard areas should be capable of being operated from a continuously
manned control station. The means provided for stopping the power
ventilation to the machinery space should be separated from the means
provided for stopping ventilation of other spaces.
7.6.3 Major fire hazard areas and main passenger
spaces serving as muster stations should have separate ventilation
systems and ventilation ducts. Ventilation ducts for major fire hazard
areas should not pass through other spaces, and ducts for ventilation
of other spaces should not pass through major fire hazard areas.
7.6.4 Where, of necessity, a ventilation duct
passes through a fire-resisting or smoke-tight division, a fail safe
automatic closing fire damper should be fitted adjacent to the division.
The duct between the division and the damper should be of steel or
other equivalent material and insulated to the same standard as required
for the fire-resisting division.
7.6.5 Where ventilation systems penetrate decks,
the arrangements should be such that the effectiveness of the deck
in resisting fire is not thereby impaired and precautions should be
taken to reduce the likelihood of smoke and hot gases passing from
one between deck space to another through the system.
7.6.6 All dampers fitted on fire-resisting or
smoke-tight divisions should also be capable of being manually closed
from each accessible side of the division in which they are fitted,
and remotely closed from the continuously manned control station.
7.7 Fire detection and extinguishing
systems
7.7.1 Areas of major and moderate fire hazard
and other enclosed spaces in the accommodation not regularly occupied,
such as toilets, stairway enclosures and corridors should be provided
with an approved automatic smoke detection system and manually operated
call points to indicate at the control station the location of outbreak
of a fire in all normal operating conditions of the installations.
Main propulsion machinery room(s) should in addition have detectors
sensing other than smoke and be supervised by TV cameras monitored
from the operating compartment. Manually operated call points should
be installed throughout the accommodation spaces, service spaces and,
where necessary, control stations. One manually operated call point
should be located at each exit from these spaces and from areas of
major fire hazard.
7.7.2 The fixed fire detection
and fire alarm systems should comply with the following requirements.
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7.7.2.1 General requirements
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.1 Any required fixed fire detection and fire
alarm system with manually operated call points should be capable
of immediate operation at all times.
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.2 Power supplies and electric circuits necessary
for the operation of the system should be monitored for loss of power
or fault conditions as appropriate. Occurrence of a fault condition
should initiate a visual and audible fault signal at the control panel
which should be distinct from a fire signal.
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.3 There should be not less than two sources of
power supply for the electrical equipment used in the operation of
the fixed fire detection and fire alarm systems, one of which should
be an emergency source. The supply should be provided by separate
feeders reserved solely for that purpose. Such feeders should run
to an automatic change-over switch situated in or adjacent to the
control panel for the fire detection system.
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.4 Detectors and manually operated call points
should be grouped into sections. The activation of any detector or
manually operated call point should initiate a visual and audible
fire signal at the control panel and indicating units. If the signals
have not received attention within two minutes an audible alarm should
be automatically sounded throughout the crew accommodation and service
spaces, control stations and machinery spaces. This alarm sounder
system need not be an integral part of the fire detection system.
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.5 The control panel should be located in the
operating compartment or in the main fire control station.
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.6 Indicating units should, as a minimum, denote
the section in which a detector or manually operated call point has
operated. At least one unit should be so located that it is easily
accessible to responsible members of the crew at all times, when at
sea or in port, except when the craft is out of service. One indicating
unit should be located in the operating compartment if the control
panel is located in the space other than the operating compartment.
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.7 Clear information should be displayed on or
adjacent to each indicating unit about the spaces covered and the
location of the sections.
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.8 Where the fire detection system does not include
means of remotely identifying each detector individually, no section
covering more than one deck within accommodation spaces, service spaces
and control stations should normally be permitted except a section
which covers an enclosed stairway. In order to avoid delay in identifying
the source of fire, the number of enclosed spaces included in each
section should be limited as determined by the Administration. In
no case should more than 50 enclosed spaces be permitted in any section.
If the detection system is fitted with remotely and individually identifiable
fire detectors, the sections may cover several decks and serve any
number of enclosed spaces.
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.9 In passenger craft, if there is no fire detection
system capable of remotely and individually identifying each detector,
a section of detectors should not serve spaces on both sides of the
craft nor on more than one deck and neither should it be situated
in more than one zone according to 7.11.1 except
that the Administration, if it is satisfied that the protection of
the craft against fire will not thereby be reduced, may permit such
a section of detectors to serve both sides of the craft and more than
one deck. In passenger craft fitted with individually identifiable
fire detectors, a section may serve spaces on both sides of the craft
and on several decks.
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.10 A section of fire detectors which covers
a control station, a service space or an accommodation space, should
not include a machinery space of major fire hazard.
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.11 Detectors should be operated by heat, smoke
or other products of combustion, flame, or any combination of these
factors. Detectors operated by other factors indicative of incipient
fires may be considered by the Administration provided that they are
no less sensitive than such detectors. Flame detectors should only
be used in addition to smoke or heat detectors.
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.12 Suitable instructions and component spares
for testing and maintenance should be provided.
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.13 The function of the detection system should
be periodically tested by means of equipment producing hot air at
the appropriate temperature, or smoke or aerosol particles having
the appropriate range of density or particle size, or other phenomena
associated with incipient fires to which the detector is designed
to respond. All detectors should be of a type such that they can be
tested for correct operation and restored to normal surveillance without
the renewal of any component.
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.14 The fire detection system should not be used
for any other purpose, except that closing of fire doors and similar
functions may be permitted at the control panel.
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.15 Fire detection systems with a zone address
identification capability should be so arranged that:
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.1 a loop cannot be damaged at more than one point
by a fire;
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.2 means are provided to ensure that any fault
(e.g., power break; short circuit; earth) occurring in the loop should
not render the whole loop ineffective;
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.3 all arrangements are made to enable the initial
configuration of the system to be restored in the event of failure
(electrical, electronic, informatic); and
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.4 the first initiated fire alarm should not prevent
any other detector to initiate further fire alarms.
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7.7.2.2 Installation requirements:
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.1 Manually operated call points should be installed
throughout the accommodation spaces, service spaces and control stations.
One manually operated call point should be located at each exit. Manually
operated call points should be readily accessible in the corridors
of each deck such that no part of the corridor is more than 20 m from
a manually operated call point.
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.2 Smoke detectors should be installed in all
stairways, corridors and escape routes within accommodation spaces.
Consideration should be given to the installation of special purpose
smoke detectors within ventilation ducting.
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.3 Where a fixed fire detection and fire alarm
system is required for the protection of spaces other than those specified
in .2, at least one detector complying with 7.7.2.1.11 should be installed
in each such space.
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.4 Detectors should be located for optimum performance.
Positions near beams and ventilation ducts or other positions where
patterns of air flow could adversely affect performance and positions
where impact or physical damage is likely should be avoided. In general,
detectors which are located on the overhead should be a minimum distance
of 0.5 m away from bulkheads.
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.5 The maximum spacing of detectors should be
in accordance with the table below:
Type of
detector
|
Maximum
floor area per detector
|
Maximum
distance apart between centres
|
Maximum
distance away from bulkheads
|
Heat
|
37 m2
|
9 m
|
4.5 m
|
Smoke
|
74
m2
|
11
m
|
5.5
m
|
The Administration may require or permit other
spacings based upon test data which demonstrate the characteristics
of the detectors.
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.6 Electrical wiring which forms part of the system
should be so arranged as to avoid machinery spaces of major fire hazard,
and other enclosed spaces of major fire hazard except, where it is
necessary, to provide for fire detection or fire alarm in such spaces
or to connect to the appropriate power supply.
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7.7.2.3 Design requirements:
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.1 The system and equipment should be suitably
designed to withstand supply voltage variation and transients, ambient
temperature changes, vibration, humidity, shock, impact and corrosion
normally encountered in ships.
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.2 Smoke detectors required by paragraph 7.7.2.2.2
should be certified to operate before the smoke density exceeds 12.5%
obscuration per metre, but not until the smoke density exceeds 2%
obscuration per metre. Smoke detectors to be installed in other spaces
should operate within sensitivity limits to the satisfaction of the
Administration having regard to the avoidance of detector insensitivity
or over-sensitivity.
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.3 Heat detectors should be certified to operate
before the temperature exceeds 78°C but not until the temperature
exceeds 54°C, when the temperature is raised to those limits at
a rate less than 1°C per minute. At higher rates of temperature
rise, the heat detector should operate within temperature limits having
regard to the avoidance of detector insensitivity or over-sensitivity.
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.4 At the discretion of the Administration, the
permissible temperature of operation of heat detectors may be increased
to 30°C above the maximum deckhead temperature in drying rooms
and similar spaces of a normal high ambient temperature.
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.5 Flame detectors referred to in 7.7.2.1.11 should
have a sensitivity sufficient to determine flame against an illuminated
space background and a false signal identification system.
7.7.3 A fixed fire detection
and fire alarm system for periodically unattended machinery spaces
should comply with the following requirements:
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.1 The fire detection system should be so designed
and the detectors so positioned as to detect rapidly the onset of
fire in any part of those spaces and under any normal conditions of
operation of the machinery and variations of ventilation as required
by the possible range of ambient temperatures. Except in spaces of
restricted height and where their use is specially appropriate, detection
system using only thermal detectors should not be permitted. The detection
system should initiate audible and visual alarms distinct in both
respects from the alarms of any other system not indicating fire,
in sufficient places to ensure that the alarms are heard and observed
on the navigating bridge and by a responsible engineer officer. When
the operating compartment is unmanned the alarm should sound in a
place where a responsible member of the crew is on duty.
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.2 After installation, the system should be tested
under varying conditions of engine operation and ventilation.
7.7.4 Areas of major fire hazard should be protected
by an approved fixed extinguishing system operable from the control
position which is adequate for the fire hazard that may exist. The
system should be capable of local manual control and remote control
from the continuously manned control stations.
7.7.5 In all craft where gas is used as the extinguishing
medium, the quantity of gas should be sufficient to provide two independent
discharges. The second discharge into the space should only be activated
(released) manually from a position outside the space being protected.
Where the space has a second fixed means of extinguishing installed,
then the second discharge should not be required.
7.7.6.1 The fixed fire-extinguishing systems should
comply with the following requirements:
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.1 The use of a fire-extinguishing medium which,
in the opinion of the Administration, either by itself or under expected
conditions of use will adversely affect the earth's ozone layer and/or
gives off toxic gases in such quantities as to endanger persons should
not be permitted.
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.2 The necessary pipes for conveying fire-extinguishing
medium into protected spaces should be provided with control valves
so marked as to indicate clearly the spaces to which the pipes are
led. Non-return valves should be installed in discharge lines between
cylinders and manifolds. Suitable provision should be made to prevent
inadvertent admission of the medium to any space.
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.3 The piping for the distribution of fire-extinguishing
medium should be arranged and discharge nozzles so positioned that
a uniform distribution of medium is obtained.
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.4 Means should be provided to close all openings
which may admit air to, or allow gas to escape from, a protected space.
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.5 Where the volume of free air contained in air
receivers in any space is such that, if released in such space in
the event of fire, such release of air within that space would seriously
affect the efficiency of the fixed fire-extinguishing system, the
Administration should require the provision of an additional quantity
of fire-extinguishing medium.
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.6 Means should be provided for automatically
giving audible warning of the release of fire-extinguishing medium
into any space in which personnel normally work or to which they have
access. The alarm should operate for a suitable period before the
medium is released.
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.7 The means of control of any fixed gas fire-extinguishing
system should be readily accessible and simple to operate and should
be grouped together in as few locations as possible at positions not
likely to be cut off by a fire in a protected space. At each location
there should be clear instructions relating to the operation of the
system having regard to the safety of personnel.
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.8 Automatic release of fire-extinguishing medium
should not be permitted.
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.9 Where the quantity of extinguishing medium
is required to protect more than one space, the quantity of medium
available need not be more than the largest quantity required for
any one space so protected.
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.10 Pressure containers required for the storage
of fire-extinguishing medium should be located outside protected spaces
in accordance with 7.7.6.1.13.
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.11 Means should be provided for the crew to safely
check the quantity of medium in the containers.
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.12 Containers for the storage of fire-extinguishing
medium and associated pressure components should be designed to pressure
codes of practice to the satisfaction of the Administration having
regard to their locations and maximum ambient temperatures expected
in service.
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.13 When the fire-extinguishing medium is stored
outside a protected space, it should be stored in a room which should
be situated in a safe and readily accessible position and should be
effectively ventilated. Any entrance to such a storage room should
preferably be from the open deck and in any case should be independent
of the protected space. Access doors should open outwards, and bulkheads
and decks including doors and other means of closing any opening therein,
which form the boundaries between such rooms and adjoining enclosed
spaces, should be gas tight. Such storage rooms should be treated
as control stations.
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.14 Spare parts for the system should be stored
on board or at a base port.
7.7.6.2 Carbon dioxide systems
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.1 For cargo spaces, the quantity of carbon dioxide
available should, unless otherwise provided, be sufficient to give
a minimum volume of free gas equal to 30% of the gross volume of the
largest cargo space so protected in the craft.
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.2 For machinery spaces, the quantity of carbon
dioxide carried should be sufficient to give a minimum volume of free
gas equal to the larger of the following volumes, either:
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.2.1 40% of the gross volume of the largest machinery
space so protected, the volume to exclude that part of the casing
above the level at which the horizontal area of the casing is 40%
or less of the horizontal area of the space concerned taken midway
between the tank top and the lowest part of the casing; or
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.2.2 35% of the gross volume of the largest machinery
space protected, including the casing;
provided that
the above-mentioned percentages may be reduced to 35% and 30% respectively
for cargo craft of less than 2,000 tons gross tonnage; provided also
that if two or more machinery spaces are not entirely separate they
should be considered as forming one space.
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.3 For the purpose of this paragraph the volume
of free carbon dioxide should be calculated at 0.56 m3/kg.
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.4 For machinery spaces, the fixed piping system
should be such that 85% of the gas can be discharged into the space
within 2 min.
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.5 Two separate controls should be provided for
releasing carbon dioxide into a protected space and to ensure the
activation of the alarm. One control should be used to discharge the
gas from its storage containers. A second control should be used for
opening the valve of the piping which conveys the gas into the protected
spaces.
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.6 The two controls should be located inside a
release box clearly identified for the particular space. If the box
containing the controls is to be locked, a key to the box should be
in a break-glass type enclosure conspicuously located adjacent to
the box.
7.7.7 Control stations, accommodation spaces and
service spaces should be provided with portable fire extinguishers
of appropriate types. At least five portable extinguishers should
be provided, and so positioned as to be readily available for immediate
use. In addition, at least one extinguisher suitable for machinery
space fires should be positioned outside each machinery space entrance.
7.7.8 Fire pumps, and appropriate associated equipment,
or alternative effective fire-extinguishing systems should be fitted
as follows:
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.1 At least two independently driven pumps should
be arranged. Each pump should have at least two thirds the capacity
of a bilge pump as determined by 10.3.5 and
10.3.6 but not less than 25 m3/h. Each fire pump
should be able to deliver sufficient quantity and pressure of water
to simultaneously operate the hydrants as required by .4.
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.2 The arrangement of the pumps should be such
that in the event of a fire in any one compartment all the fire pumps
will not be put out of action.
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.3 Isolating valves to separate the section of
the fire main within the machinery space containing the main fire
pump or pumps from the rest of the fire main should be fitted in an
easily accessible and tenable position outside the machinery spaces.
The fire main should be so arranged that when the isolating valves
are shut all the hydrants on the craft, except those in the machinery
space referred to above, can be supplied with water by a fire pump
not located in this machinery space through pipes which do not enter
this space.
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.4 Hydrants should be arranged so that any location
on the craft can be reached by the water jets from two fire hoses
from two different hydrants, one of the jets being from a single length
of hose. Special category spaces hydrants should be located so that
any location within the space can be reached by two water jets from
two different hydrants, each jet being supplied from a single length
of hose.
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.5 Each fire hose should be of non-perishable
material and have a maximum length approved by the Administration.
Fire hoses, together with any necessary fittings and tools, should
be kept ready for use in conspicuous positions near the hydrants.
All fire hoses in interior locations should be connected to the hydrants
at all times. One fire hose should be provided for each hydrant as
required by .4.
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.6 Each fire hose should be provided with a nozzle
of an approved dual purpose type (i.e. spray/jet type) incorporating
a shutoff.
7.8 Protection of special category
spaces
7.8.1 Structural protection
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.1 Boundaries of special category spaces should
be insulated in accordance with tables 7.4-1
and 7.4-2. The standing deck of a special category space need
only be insulated on the underside if required.
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.2 Indicators should be provided on the navigating
bridge which should indicate when any door leading to or from the
special category space is closed.
7.8.2 Fixed fire-extinguishing
system
footnote
Each special category space should be fitted with an approved
fixed pressure water-spraying system for manual operation which should
protect all parts of any deck and vehicle platform in such space,
provided that the Administration may permit the use of any other fixed
fire-extinguishing system that has been shown by full-scale test in
conditions simulating a flowing petrol fire in a special category
space to be not less effective in controlling fires likely to occur
in such a space.
7.8.3 Patrols and detection
7.8.3.1 A continuous fire patrol should be maintained
in special category spaces unless a fixed fire detection and fire
alarm system, complying with the requirements of 7.7.2, and a television surveillance system are provided. The
fixed fire detection system should be capable of rapidly detecting
the onset of fire. The spacing and location of detectors should be
tested taking into account the effects of ventilation and other relevant
factors.
7.8.3.2 Manually operated call points should be
provided as necessary throughout the special category spaces and one
should be placed close to each exit from such spaces.
7.8.4 Fire-extinguishing equipment
7.8.4.1 There should be provided in each special
category space:
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.1 at least three water fog applicators;
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.2 one portable foam applicator unit consisting
of an air-foam nozzle of an inductor type capable of being connected
to the fire main by a fire hose, together with a portable tank containing
20 1 of foam-making liquid and one spare tank. The nozzle should be
capable of producing effective foam suitable for extinguishing an
oil fire of at least 1.5 m3/min. At least two portable
foam applicator units should be available in the craft for use in
such space; and
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.3 portable fire extinguishers should be located
so that no point in the space is more than approximately 15 m walking
distance from an extinguisher, provided that at least one portable
extinguisher is located at each access to such space.
7.8.5 Ventilation system
7.8.5.1 There should be provided an effective
power ventilation system for the special category spaces sufficient
to give at least 10 air changes per hour while navigating and 20 air
changes per hour at the quayside during vehicle loading and unloading
operations. The system for such spaces should be entirely separated
from other ventilation systems and should be operating at all times
when vehicles are in such spaces. Ventilation ducts serving special
category spaces capable of being effectively sealed should be separated
for each such space. The system should be capable of being controlled
from a position outside such spaces.
7.8.5.2 The ventilation should be such as to prevent
air stratification and the formation of air pockets.
7.8.5.3 Means should be provided to indicate in
the operating compartment any loss or reduction of the required ventilating
capacity.
7.8.5.4 Arrangements should be provided to permit
a rapid shutdown and effective closure of the ventilation system in
case of fire, taking into account the weather and sea conditions.
7.8.5.5 Ventilation ducts, including dampers should
be made of steel or other equivalent material.
7.8.6 Scuppers, bilge pumping
and drainage
7.8.6.1 In view of the serious loss of stability
which could arise due to large quantities of water accumulating on
the deck or decks consequent to the operation of the fixed pressure
water-spraying system, scuppers should be fitted so as to ensure that
such water is rapidly discharged directly overboard. Alternatively,
pumping and drainage facilities should be provided additional to the
requirements of chapter 10.
7.8.7 Precautions against ignition
of flammable vapours
7.8.7.1 On any deck or platform, if fitted, on
which vehicles are carried and on which explosive vapours might be
expected to accumulate, except platforms with openings of sufficient
size permitting penetration of petrol gases downwards, equipment which
may constitute a source of ignition of flammable vapours and, in particular,
electrical equipment and wiring, should be installed at least 450
mm above the deck or platform. Electrical equipment installed at more
than 450 mm above the deck or platform should be of a type so enclosed
and protected as to prevent the escape of sparks. However, if the
installation of electrical equipment and wiring at less than 450 mm
above the deck or platform is necessary for the safe operation of
the craft, such electrical equipment and wiring may be installed provided
that it is of a type approved for use in an explosive petrol and air
mixture.
7.8.7.2 Electrical equipment and wiring, if installed
in an exhaust ventilation duct, should be of a type approved for use
in explosive petrol and air mixtures and the outlet from any exhaust
duct should be sited in a safe position, having regard to other possible
sources of ignition.
7.9 Miscellaneous
7.9.1 There should be permanently exhibited, for
the guidance of the master and officers of the craft, fire control
plans showing clearly for each deck the following positions: the control
stations, the sections of the craft which are enclosed by fire-resisting
divisions together with particulars of the fire alarms, fire detection
systems, the sprinkler installations, the fixed and portable fire-extinguishing
appliances, the means of access to the various compartments and decks
in the craft, the ventilating system including particulars of the
master fan controls, the positions of dampers and identification numbers
of the ventilating fans serving each section of the craft, the location
of the international shore connection, if fitted, and the position
of all means of control referred to in 7.5.3,
7.6.2, 7.7.1 and
7.7.4. The text of such plansfootnoteshould
be in the official language of the flag State.
However, if the language is neither English nor French, a translation
into one of those languages should be included.
7.9.2 A duplicate set of fire control plans or
a booklet containing such plans should be permanently stored in a
prominently marked weathertight enclosure outside the deckhouse for
the assistance of shore side fire-fighting personnel.
7.9.3 Openings in fire-resisting divisions
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7.9.3.1 Except for the hatches between cargo,
special category, store, and baggage spaces and between such spaces
and the weather decks, all openings should be provided with permanently
attached means of closing which should be at least as effective for
resisting fires as the divisions in which they are fitted.
-
7.9.3.2 It should be possible for each door to
be opened and closed from each side of the bulkhead by one person
only.
-
7.9.3.3 Fire doors bounding major fire hazard
areas and stairway enclosures should satisfy the following requirements:
-
.1 The doors should be self-closing and be capable
of closing with an angle of inclination of up to 3.5° opposing
closure, and should have an approximately uniform rate of closure
of no more than 40 s and no less than 10 s with the craft in the upright
position.
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.2 Remote-controlled sliding or power-operated
doors should be equipped with an alarm that sounds at least 5 s but
no more than 10 s before the door begins to move and continue sounding
until the door is completely closed. Doors designed to reopen upon
contacting an object in their paths should reopen sufficiently to
allow a clear passage of at least 0.75 m, but no more than 1 m.
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.3 All doors should be capable of remote and automatic
release from a continuously manned central control station, either
simultaneously or in groups, and also individually from a position
at both sides of the door. Indication should be provided at the fire
control panel in the continuously manned control station whether each
of the remote-controlled doors is closed. The release mechanism should
be so designed that the door will automatically close in the event
of disruption of the control system or central power supply. Release
switches should have an on-off function to prevent automatic resetting
of the system. Hold-back hooks not subject to control station release
should be prohibited.
-
.4 Local power accumulators for power-operated
doors should be provided in the immediate vicinity of the doors to
enable the doors to be operated at least ten times (fully opened and
closed) using the local controls
-
.5 Double-leaf doors equipped with a latch necessary
to their fire integrity should have a latch that is automatically
activated by the operation of the doors when released by the system.
-
.6 Doors giving direct access to special category
spaces which are power-operated and automatically closed need not
be equipped with alarms and remote-release mechanisms required in
.2 and .3.
-
7.9.3.4 The requirements for integrity of fire-resisting
divisions of the outer boundaries facing open spaces of a craft should
not apply to the glass partitions, windows and sidescuttles. Similarly,
the requirements for integrity of fire-resisting divisions facing
open spaces should not apply to exterior doors in superstructures
and deckhouses.
7.10 Fireman's outfits
7.10.1 All craft other than category A passenger
craft should carry at least two fireman's outfits complying with the
requirements of 7.10.3.
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7.10.1.1 In addition, there should be provided
in category B passenger craft for every 80 m, or part thereof, of
the aggregate of the length of all passenger spaces and service spaces
on the deck which carries such spaces or, if there is more than one
such deck, on the deck which has the largest aggregate of such length,
two fireman's outfits and two sets of personal equipment, each set
comprising the items stipulated in 7.10.3.1.1 to 7.10.3.1.3;
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7.10.1.2 In category B passenger craft, for each
pair of breathing apparatus there should be provided one water fog
applicator which should be stored adjacent to such apparatus.
-
7.10.1.3 The Administration may require additional
sets of personal equipment and breathing apparatus, having due regard
to the size and type of the craft.
7.10.2 The fireman's outfits or sets of personal
equipment should be so stored as to be easily accessible and ready
for use and, where more than one fireman's outfit or more than one
set of personal equipment is carried, they should be stored in widely
separated positions. In passenger craft, at least two fireman's outfits
and one set of personal equipment should be available at any one control
station.
7.10.3 A fireman's outfit should consist of:
-
.1 Personal equipment comprising:
-
.1 protective clothing of material to protect
the skin from the heat radiating from the fire and from burns and
scalding by steam or gases. The outer surface should be water-resistant;
-
.2 boots and gloves of rubber or other electrically
non-conductive material;
-
.3. a rigid helmet providing effective protection
against impact:
-
.4 an electric safety lamp (hand lantern) of an
approved type with a minimum burning period of 3 h; and
-
.5 an axe.
-
.2 A breathing apparatus of an approved type which
may be either:
-
.1 a smoke helmet or smoke mask which should be
provided with a suitable air pump and a length of air hose sufficient
to reach from the open deck, well clear of hatch or doorway, to any
part of the holds or machinery spaces. If, in order to comply with
this subparagraph, an air hose exceeding 36 m in length would be necessary,
a self-contained breathing apparatus should be substituted or provided
in addition as determined by the Administration, or
-
.2 a self-contained compressed-air-operated breathing
apparatus, the volume of air contained in the cylinders of which should
be at least 1,200 1, or other self-contained breathing apparatus which
should be capable of functioning for at least 30 min. A number of
spare charges, suitable for use with the apparatus provided, should
be available on board.
-
.3 For each breathing apparatus, a fireproof lifeline
of sufficient length and strength should be provided capable of being
attached by means of a snaphook to the harness of the apparatus or
to a separate belt in order to prevent the breathing apparatus becoming
detached when the lifeline is operated.
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