Section 
                     3 Buckling strength of plates and stiffeners
                  
                  
                  
                  
                  
                  
                  
                     
                        
                         
                        3.1 Application
                        
                        
                        
                        
                           
                           
                              
                              
                              3.1.1 The requirements of this Section apply to plate panels, and attached
                                 stiffeners subject to overall hull structure compression and shear stresses. The
                                 maximum design values computed are to be determined in accordance with Pt  4, Ch  5,  1.2 Structural analysis. 
                               
                              
                              
                            
                           
                           
                           
                              
                              
                              3.1.2 For states of stress which cannot be defined by one single reference
                                 stress, the buckling characteristics are to be based on recognised interaction
                                 formulae.
                               
                              
                              
                            
                           
                           
                           
                              
                              
                              3.1.3 LR’s ShipRight buckling modules may be used for the buckling assessment
                                 of flat rectangular plate panels by direct calculation.
                               
                              
                              
                            
                           
                           
                         
                        
                        
                      
                     
                   
                  
                     
                        
                         
                        3.2 Symbols
                        
                        
                        
                        
                        
                        
                      
                     
                   
                  
                     
                        
                         
                        3.3 Elastic critical buckling stress
                        
                        
                        
                        
                        
                        
                      
                     
                   
                  
                     
                        
                         
                        3.4 Scantling criteria
                        
                        
                        
                        
                           
                           
                              
                              
                              3.4.1 The critical buckling stress in compression, corrected for yielding
                                 effects,  , of plate panels and stiffeners, as derived from Pt  3, Ch  4,  7.4 Design stress 7.4.1 and Pt  3, Ch  4,  7.5 Scantling criteria 7.5.3 in Pt  3, Ch  4,  7 Hull buckling strength of the Rules for Ships, is to satisfy the
                                 following: 
                               
                              
                              
                              
                              
                                  
                                 
                               
                              
                              
                              
                              where 
                              
                              
                              
                              
                              
                            
                           
                           
                           
                           
                           
                           
                              
                              
                              3.4.3 Buckling criteria are to be determined for plating and plate and
                                 stiffener combinations, including (but not limited to):
                                  
                                    - Flat bar stiffeners.
 
                                    - Bulb plate stiffeners.
 
                                    - Rolled angles.
 
                                    - Built-up profiles.
 
                                    - Floors or deep girders.
 
                                  
                                 
                               
                              
                              
                            
                           
                           
                           
                              
                              
                              3.4.4 All appropriate buckling modes are to be investigated, including:
                                  
                                    - Column buckling.
 
                                    - Torsional buckling.
 
                                    - Web and flange buckling.
 
                                  
                                 
                               
                              
                              
                            
                           
                           
                           
                           
                           
                         
                        
                        
                      
                     
                   
                
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