Part D – Escape
Regulation 12 –
Notification of crew and passengers
1 Purpose
The purpose of this regulation is to notify crew and passengers
of a fire for safe evacuation. For this purpose, a general emergency
alarm system and a public address system shall be provided.
2 General emergency alarm system
A general emergency alarm system required by regulation III/6.4.2 shall be used
for notifying crew and passengers of a fire.
3 Public address systems in passenger ships
A public address system or other effective means of communication
complying with the requirements of regulation
III/6.5 shall be available throughout the accommodation and
service spaces and control stations and open decks.
Regulation 13 –
Means of escape
1 Purpose
The purpose of this regulation is to provide means of escape
so that persons onboard can safely and swiftly escape to the lifeboat
and liferaft embarkation deck. For this purpose, the following functional
requirements shall be met:
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.1 safe escape routes shall be provided;
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.2 escape routes shall be maintained in a safe
condition, clear of obstacles; and
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.3 additional aids for escape shall be provided
as necessary to ensure accessibility, clear marking, and adequate
design for emergency situations.
2 General requirements
2.1 Unless expressly provided otherwise in this
regulation, at least two widely separated and ready means of escape
shall be provided from all spaces or group of spaces.
2.2 Lifts shall not be considered as forming one
of the means of escape as required by this regulation.
3 Means of escape from control stations,
accommodation and service spaces
3.1
General requirements
3.1.1 Stairways and ladders shall be so arranged
as to provide ready means of escape to the lifeboat and liferaft embarkation
deck from passenger and crew accommodation spaces and from spaces
in which the crew is normally employed, other than machinery spaces.
3.1.2 Unless expressly provided otherwise in this
regulation, a corridor, lobby, or part of a corridor from which there
is only one route of escape shall be prohibited. Dead-end corridors
used in service areas which are necessary for the practical utility
of the ship, such as fuel oil stations and athwartship supply corridors,
shall be permitted, provided such dead-end corridors are separated
from crew accommodation areas and are inaccessible from passenger
accommodation areas. Also, a part of a corridor that has a depth not
exceeding its width is considered a recess or local extension and
is permitted.
3.1.3 All stairways in accommodation and service
spaces and control stations shall be of steel frame construction except
where the Administration sanctions the use of other equivalent material.
3.1.4 If a radiotelegraph station has no direct
access to the open deck, two means of escape from or access to, the
station shall be provided, one of which may be a porthole or window
of sufficient size or other means to the satisfaction of the Administration.
3.1.5 Doors in escape routes shall, in general,
open in-way of the direction of escape, except that:
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.1 individual cabin doors may open into the cabins
in order to avoid injury to persons in the corridor when the door
is opened; and
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.2 doors in vertical emergency escape trunks may
open out of the trunk in order to permit the trunk to be used both
for escape and for access.
3.2
Means of escape in passenger ships
3.2.1
Escape from spaces below the bulkhead
deck
3.2.1.1 Below the bulkhead deck two means of escape,
at least one of which shall be independent of watertight doors, shall
be provided from each watertight compartment or similarly restricted
space or group of spaces. Exceptionally, the Administration may dispense
with one of the means of escape for crew spaces that are entered only
occasionally, if the required escape route is independent of watertight
doors.
3.2.1.2 Where the Administration has granted dispensation
under the provisions of paragraph 3.2.1.1, this sole means of escape
shall provide safe escape. However, stairways shall not be less than
800 mm in clear width with handrails on both sides.
3.2.2
Escape from spaces above the bulkhead
deck
Above the bulkhead deck there shall be at least two means
of escape from each main vertical zone or similarly restricted space
or group of spaces at least one of which shall give access to a stairway
forming a vertical escape.
3.2.3
Direct access to stairway enclosures
Stairway enclosures in accommodation and service spaces
shall have direct access from the corridors and be of a sufficient
area to prevent congestion, having in view the number of persons likely
to use them in an emergency. Within the perimeter of such stairway
enclosures, only public toilets, lockers of non-combustible material
providing storage for nonhazardous safety equipment and open information
counters are permitted. Only public spaces, corridors, lifts, public
toilets, special category spaces and open ro-ro spaces to which any
passengers carried can have access, other escape stairways required
by paragraph 3.2.4.1 and external areas are permitted to have direct
access to these stairway enclosures. Small corridors or "lobbies"
used to separate an enclosed stairway from galleys or main laundries
may have direct access to the stairway provided they have a minimum
deck area of 4.5 m2, a width of no less than 900 mm and
contain a fire hose station.
3.2.4
Details of means of escape
3.2.4.1 At least one of the means of escape required
by paragraphs 3.2.1.1 and 3.2.2 shall consist of a readily accessible
enclosed stairway, which shall provide continuous fire shelter from
the level of its origin to the appropriate lifeboat and liferaft embarkation
decks, or to the uppermost weather deck if the embarkation deck does
not extend to the main vertical zone being considered. In the latter
case, direct access to the embarkation deck by way of external open
stairways and passageways shall be provided and shall have emergency
lighting in accordance with regulation
III/11.5 and slip-free surfaces underfoot. Boundaries facing
external open stairways and passageways forming part of an escape
route and boundaries in such a position that their failure during
a fire would impede escape to the embarkation deck shall have fire
integrity, including insulation values, in accordance with tables
9.1 to 9.4, as appropriate.
3.2.4.2 Protection of access from the stairway
enclosures to the lifeboat and liferaft embarkation areas shall be
provided either directly or through protected internal routes which
have fire integrity and insulation values for stairway enclosures
as determined by tables 9.1 to 9.4, as appropriate.
3.2.4.3 Stairways serving only a space and a balcony
in that space shall not be considered as forming one of the required
means of escape.
3.2.4.4 Each level within an atrium shall have
two means of escape, one of which shall give direct access to an enclosed
vertical means of escape meeting the requirements of paragraph 3.2.4.1.
3.2.4.5 The widths, number and continuity of escapes
shall be in accordance with the requirements in the Fire
Safety Systems Code.
3.2.5
Marking of escape routes
3.2.5.1 In addition to the emergency lighting
required by regulations II-1/42 and III/11.5, the means of escape, including
stairways and exits, shall be marked by lighting or photoluminescent
strip indicators placed not more than 300 mm above the deck at all
points of the escape route including angles and intersections. The
marking must enable passengers to identify the routes of escape and
readily identify the escape exits. If electric illumination is used,
it shall be supplied by the emergency source of power and it shall
be so arranged that the failure of any single light or cut in a lighting
strip will not result in the marking being ineffective. Additionally,
escape route signs and fire equipment location markings shall be of
photoluminescent material or marked by lighting. The Administration
shall ensure that such lighting or photoluminescent equipment has
been evaluated, tested and applied in accordance with the Fire Safety Systems Code.
3.2.5.2 In passenger ships carrying more than
36 passengers, the requirements of the paragraph 3.2.5.1 shall also
apply to the crew accommodation areas.
3.2.6
Normally locked doors that form part
of an escape route
3.2.6.1 Cabin and stateroom doors shall not require
keys to unlock them from inside the room. Neither shall there be any
doors along any designated escape route which require keys to unlock
them when moving in the direction of escape.
3.2.6.2 Escape doors from public spaces that are
normally latched shall be fitted with a means of quick release. Such
means shall consist of a door-latching mechanism incorporating a device
that releases the latch upon the application of a force in the direction
of escape flow. Quick release mechanisms shall be designed and installed
to the satisfaction of the Administration and, in particular:
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.1 consist of bars or panels, the actuating portion
of which extends across at least one half of the width of the door
leaf, at least 760 mm and not more than 1120 mm above the deck;
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.2 cause the latch to release when a force not
exceeding 67 N is applied; and
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.3 not be equipped with any locking device, set
screw or other arrangement that prevents the release of the latch
when pressure is applied to the releasing device.
3.3
Means of escape in cargo ships
3.3.1
General
At all levels of accommodation there shall be provided at
least two widely separated means of escape from each restricted space
or group of spaces.
3.3.2
Escape from spaces below the lowest
open deck
Below the lowest open deck the main means of escape shall
be a stairway and the second escape may be a trunk or a stairway.
3.3.3
Escape from spaces above the lowest
open deck
Above the lowest open deck the means of escape shall be
stairways or doors to an open deck or a combination thereof.
3.3.4
Dead-end corridors
No dead-end corridors having a length of more than 7 m shall
be accepted.
3.3.5
Width and continuity of escape routes
The width, number and continuity of escape routes shall
be in accordance with the requirements in the Fire
Safety Systems Code.
3.3.6
Dispensation from two means of escape
Exceptionally the Administration may dispense with one of
the means of escape, for crew spaces that are entered only occasionally,
if the required escape route is independent of watertight doors.
3.4
Emergency escape breathing devicesfootnote
3.4.1 Emergency escape breathing devices shall
comply with the Fire Safety Systems Code. Spare
emergency escape breathing devices shall be kept onboard.
3.4.2 All ships shall carry at least two emergency
escape breathing devices within accommodation spaces.
3.4.3 In passenger ships, at least two emergency
escape breathing devices shall be carried in each main vertical zone.
3.4.4 In passenger ships carrying more than 36
passengers, two emergency escape breathing devices, in addition to
those required in paragraph 3.4.3 above, shall be carried in each
main vertical zone.
3.4.5 However, paragraphs 3.4.3 and 3.4.4 do not
apply to stairway enclosures which constitute individual main vertical
zones and for the main vertical zones in the fore or aft end of a
ship which do not contain spaces of categories (6), (7), (8) or (12)
defined in regulation 9.2.2.3.
4 Means of escape from machinery spaces
4.1
Means of escape on passenger
ships
Means of escape from each machinery space in passenger ships
shall comply with the following provisions.
4.1.1
Escape from spaces below the bulkhead
deck
Where the space is below the bulkhead deck the two means
of escape shall consist of either:
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.1 two sets of steel ladders as widely separated
as possible , leading to doors in the upper part of the space similarly
separated and from which access is provided to the appropriate lifeboat
and liferaft embarkation decks. One of these ladders shall be located
within a protected enclosure that satisfies regulation 9.2.2.3, category
(2), or regulation 9.2.2.4, category (4), as appropriate, from the
lower part of the space it serves to a safe position outside the space.
Self-closing fire doors of the same fire integrity standards shall
be fitted in the enclosure. The ladder shall be fixed in such a way
that heat is not transferred into the enclosure through non-insulated
fixing points. The protected enclosure shall have minimum internal
dimensions of at least 800 mm x 800 mm, and shall have emergency lighting
provisions; or
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.2 one steel ladder leading to a door in the upper
part of the space from which access is provided to the embarkation
deck and additionally, in the lower part of the space and in a position
well separated from the ladder referred to, a steel door capable of
being operated from each side and which provides access to a safe
escape route from the lower part of the space to the embarkation deck.
4.1.2
Escape from spaces above the bulkhead
deck
Where the space is above the bulkhead deck, the two means
of escape shall be as widely separated as possible and the doors leading
from such means of escape shall be in a position from which access
is provided to the appropriate lifeboat and liferaft embarkation decks.
Where such means of escape require the use of ladders, these shall
be of steel.
4.1.3
Dispensation from two means of escape
In a ship of less than 1,000 gross tonnage, the Administration
may dispense with one of the means of escape, due regard being paid
to the width and disposition of the upper part of the space. In a
ship of 1,000 gross tonnage and above, the Administration may dispense
with one means of escape from any such space, including a normally
unattended auxiliary machinery space, so long as either a door or
a steel ladder provides a safe escape route to the embarkation deck,
due regard being paid to the nature and location of the space and
whether persons are normally employed in that space. In the steering
gear space, a second means of escape shall be provided when the emergency
steering position is located in that space unless there is direct
access to the open deck.
4.1.4
Escape from machinery control rooms
Two means of escape shall be provided from a machinery control
room located within a machinery space, at least one of which will
provide continuous fire shelter to a safe position outside the machinery
space.
4.2
Means of escape on cargo ships
Means of escape from each machinery space in cargo ships
shall comply with the following provisions.
4.2.1
Escape from machinery spaces of category
A
Except as provided in paragraph 4.2.2, two means of escape
shall be provided from each machinery space of category A. In particular,
one of the following provisions shall be complied with:
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.1 two sets of steel ladders as widely separated
as possible leading to doors in the upper part of the space similarly
separated and from which access is provided to the open deck. One
of these ladders shall be located within a protected enclosure that
satisfies regulation 9.2.3.3, category (4), from the lower part of
the space it serves to a safe position outside the space. Self-closing
fire doors of the same fire integrity standards shall be fitted in
the enclosure. The ladder shall be fixed in such a way that heat is
not transferred into the enclosure through non-insulated fixing points.
The enclosure shall have minimum internal dimensions of at least 800
mm x 800 mm, and shall have emergency lighting provisions; or
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.2 one steel ladder leading to a door in the upper
part of the space from which access is provided to the open deck and,
additionally, in the lower part of the space and in a position well
separated from the ladder referred to, a steel door capable of being
operated from each side and which provides access to a safe escape
route from the lower part of the space to the open deck.
4.2.2
Dispensation from two means of escape
In a ship of less than 1,000 gross tonnage, the Administration
may dispense with one of the means of escape required under paragraph
4.2.1, due regard being paid to the dimension and disposition of the
upper part of the space. In addition, the means of escape from machinery
spaces of category A need not comply with the requirement for an enclosed
fire shelter listed in paragraph 4.2.1.1. In the steering gear space,
a second means of escape shall be provided when the emergency steering
position is located in that space unless there is direct access to
the open deck.
4.2.3
Escape from machinery spaces other
than those of category A
From machinery spaces other than those of category A, two
escape routes shall be provided except that a single escape route
may be accepted for spaces that are entered only occasionally, and
for spaces where the maximum travel distance to the door is 5 m or
less.
4.3
Emergency escape breathing devices
4.3.1 On all ships, within the machinery spaces,
emergency escape breathing devices shall be situated ready for use
at easily visible places, which can be reached quickly and easily
at any time in the event of fire. The location of emergency escape
breathing devices shall take into account the layout of the machinery
space and the number of persons normally working in the spaces.footnote
4.3.2 The number and location of these devices
shall be indicated in the fire control plan required in regulation
15.2.4.
5 Means of escape on passenger ships
from special category and open ro-ro spaces to which any passengers
carried can have access
5.1 In special category and open ro-ro spaces
to which any passengers carried can have access, the number and locations
of the means of escape both below and above the bulkhead deck shall
be to the satisfaction of the Administration and, in general, the
safety of access to the embarkation deck shall be at least equivalent
to that provided for under paragraphs 3.2.1.1, 3.2.2, 3.2.4.1 and
3.2.4.2. Such spaces shall be provided with designated walkways to
the means of escape with a breadth of at least 600 mm. The parking
arrangements for the vehicles shall maintain the walkways clear at
all times.
5.2 One of the escape routes from the machinery
spaces where the crew is normally employed shall avoid direct access
to any special category space.
6 Means of escape from ro-ro spaces
At least two means of escape shall be provided in ro-ro
spaces where the crew are normally employed. The escape routes shall
provide a safe escape to the lifeboat and liferaft embarkation decks
and shall be located at the fore and aft ends of the space.
7 Additional requirements for ro-ro passenger ships
7.1
General
7.1.1 Escape routes shall be provided from every
normally occupied space on the ship to an assembly station. These
escape routes shall be arranged so as to provide the most direct route
possible to the assembly station,footnote and
shall be marked with symbols based on the guidelines developed by
the Organization.footnote
7.1.2 The escape route from cabins to stairway
enclosures shall be as direct as possible, with a minimum number of
changes in direction. It shall not be necessary to cross from one
side of the ship to the other to reach an escape route. It shall not
be necessary to climb more than two decks up or down in order to reach
an assembly station or open deck from any passenger space.
7.1.3 External routes shall be provided from open
decks, as referred to in paragraph 7.1.2, to the survival craft embarkation
stations.
7.1.4 Where enclosed spaces adjoin an open deck,
openings from the enclosed space to the open deck shall, where practicable,
be capable of being used as an emergency exit.
7.1.5 Escape routes shall not be obstructed by
furniture and other obstructions. With the exception of tables and
chairs which may be cleared to provide open space, cabinets and other
heavy furnishings in public spaces and along escape routes shall be
secured in place to prevent shifting if the ship rolls or lists. Floor
coverings shall also be secured in place. When the ship is underway,
escape routes shall be kept clear of obstructions such as cleaning
carts, bedding, luggage and boxes of goods.
7.2
Instruction for safe escape
7.2.1 Decks shall be sequentially numbered, starting
with "1" at the tank top or lowest deck. The numbers shall be prominently
displayed at stair landings and lift lobbies. Decks may also be named,
but the deck number shall always be displayed with the name.
7.2.2 Simple "mimic" plans showing the "you are
here" position and escape routes marked by arrows, shall be prominently
displayed on the inside of each cabin door and in public spaces. The
plan shall show the directions of escape and shall be properly oriented
in relation to its position on the ship.
7.3
Strength of handrails and corridors
7.3.1 Handrails or other handholds shall be provided
in corridors along the entire escape route so that a firm handhold
is available at every step of the way, where possible, to the assembly
stations and embarkation stations. Such handrails shall be provided
on both sides of longitudinal corridors more than 1.8 m in width and
transverse corridors more than 1 m in width. Particular attention
shall be paid to the need to be able to cross lobbies, atriums and
other large open spaces along escape routes. Handrails and other handholds
shall be of such strength as to withstand a distributed horizontal
load of 750 N/m applied in the direction of the centre of the corridor
or space, and a distributed vertical load of 750 N/m applied in the
downward direction. The two loads need not be applied simultaneously.
7.3.2 The lowest 0.5 m of bulkheads and other
partitions forming vertical divisions along escape routes shall be
able to sustain a load of 750 N/m to allow them to be used as walking
surfaces from the side of the escape route with the ship at large
angles of heel.
7.4
Evacuation analysisfootnote
Escape routes shall be evaluated by an evacuation analysis
early in the design process. The analysis shall be used to identify
and eliminate, as far as practicable, congestion which may develop
during an abandonment, due to normal movement of passengers and crew
along escape routes, including the possibility that crew may need
to move along these routes in a direction opposite the movement of
passengers. In addition, the analysis shall be used to demonstrate
that escape arrangements are sufficiently flexible to provide for
the possibility that certain escape routes, assembly stations, embarkation
stations or survival craft may not be available as a result of a casualty.
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