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Protection and Indemnity Insurance

Materials used for the containment, protection, handling, delivery and presentation of goods and the activities of placing and securing goods in those materials.

Any physical piece of cargo in relation to transport consisting of the contents and its packing for the purpose of ease of handling by manual or mechanical means. The final product of the packing operation consisting of the packing and its contents to facilitate manual or mechanical handling. Synonym: Parcel

Document specifying the contents of each individual package.

A type of package where a standard quantity of products of a specific product type can be packed and that requires no additional packaging for storage and shipment.

Gas, such as nitrogen, kept above a liquid in a tank to maintain a protective blanket that excludes air and controls pressure.

The maintenance of a gas blanket (padding) over a cargo to keep air away from it, used for cargoes that react with oxygen or moisture.

tions as under CPT but with the addition that the seller has to procure cargo

A liquid coating that, when applied and dried, forms a protective and decorative film; marine paints protect against corrosion and fouling.

The formation of cracks in a paint film as it ages or is stressed, breaking its protective continuity.

A combination of coats (primer, intermediate, and finish) chosen to work together to protect a surface for its intended service.

A flat platform on which goods are stacked for handling as a unit by forklift.

Superstructure which can be applied to a pallet to convert it into either a box or post pallet.

A skeleton framework, of fixed or adjustable design, to support a number of individual pallet loads.

A handling device or attachment used to lift and turn pallets during cargo operations.

Pedestrian- or rider-controlled non-stacking lift truck fitted with forks.

The ship canal across the isthmus of Panama linking the Atlantic and Pacific oceans, whose lock dimensions define the Panamax ship size.

A shipboard oil pollution emergency plan tailored to meet the requirements for transiting the Panama Canal. IMO-grounded

An enclosed mooring chock of the type required for transiting the Panama Canal, through which mooring lines are led.

Bulk carriers built to the maximum size able to transit the Panama Canal locks, a standard size class in the dry-bulk trades.

A container ship sized to the maximum dimensions for transiting the Panama Canal locks.

The maximum measurements and dimensions of a vessel capable to pass the Panama Canal.

A flat structural or finishing element; also a control or instrument panel.

The in-and-out flexing of the shell plating at the ends of a ship under the fluctuating water pressure of waves, resisted by panting stiffening.

A ship designed to carry paper and newsprint reels, with clean holds and handling gear suited to the cargo.

The portion of the hull amidships where the cross-section is constant and the sides are parallel, between the entrance and the run.

A cargo-handling system that loads from the side using parallel conveyors or platforms.

A system that detects and counteracts parametric roll, for example by advising speed and heading changes or by active means, to prevent the build-up of dangerous rolling.

A dangerous build-up of roll that can occur, especially in container ships and car carriers, when pitching in head or following seas periodically changes the ship's stability in step with its roll.

Large, rapidly building rolling caused by the periodic variation of stability as the hull pitches in waves, which can lead to cargo loss and damage.

A towed underwater device that uses its planing surfaces to hold a towed line or array out to the side, used in minesweeping and seismic survey.

Hatch covers that provide limited weather protection, used where full weathertightness is not required.

A fortuitous partial loss to the subject matter insured, proximately caused by an insured peril but which is not a general average loss. Particular average only relates to damage and/or expenses which are exclusively borne by the owners of a vessel which has sustained damage as a result of e.g. heavy weather or by the owners of the cargo, which has been damaged in transit.

Fine solid and liquid particles emitted in engine exhaust, a pollutant of health concern increasingly addressed in air-emission controls. IMO-grounded

Every person aboard a ship other than the master, crew, and children under one year; the number of passengers determines whether a ship is a passenger ship under SOLAS. IMO-grounded

The spaces provided for the accommodation and use of passengers, subject to particular safety, escape, and fire-protection requirements under SOLAS. IMO-grounded

Ferries carrying both passengers and cars, combining passenger accommodation with vehicle decks.

A party to whom a payment is made or owed.

A party who pays or is to pay.

The revenue-earning cargo a ship can carry, a part of its deadweight.

That which discharges a debt.

Instructions given by a seller to a bank to the effect that the buyer may collect the documents necessary to obtain delivery of the goods only upon actual payment of the invoice.

Period of Charter

Per Day Pro Rata

A mooring fitting with rollers mounted on a pedestal that guides a mooring line and reduces friction and wear as it leads.

Fish and other organisms living in the open water column rather than near the seabed, targeted by particular fishing methods and vessels.

A vessel with a main hull and four small sponsons, a multi-hull form intended to combine speed with stability.

A trade name for nitrile rubber, used for oil-resistant seals and gaskets.

A variable indicating the effectiveness and/or efficiency of a process.

The comparison of the results of business processes with each other or with standards in order to know the effectiveness of these processes and/or the supportive actions.

The IMO standard, mandatory under SOLAS, specifying the surface preparation, coating systems, and inspection required for protective coatings in dedicated seawater ballast tanks and certain other spaces, to ensure a target coating life. IMO-grounded

The time a ship takes to complete one full roll from side to side and back, related to its stability and mass distribution.

The scheduled surveys of the hull structure (annual, intermediate, and special/renewal) required to maintain class and statutory certification. IMO-grounded

An electric motor that uses permanent magnets rather than wound field coils, offering high efficiency and compactness, used in some propulsion and auxiliary drives.

The permanent deformation remaining in a hatch-cover or other seal after prolonged compression, which can impair its sealing ability.

The proportion of a compartment's volume that can be occupied by water if it floods, a key factor in damage-stability and floodable-length calculations under SOLAS. IMO-grounded

The designated individual responsible for supervising a specific cargo, ballast, or bunkering operation on the ship or ashore, with the authority to control and, if necessary, stop the operation.

A capsule used to transfer or evacuate personnel, for example between an offshore installation and a vessel or in an emergency.

A system for moving people safely off a ship or installation in an emergency, such as a marine evacuation system or escape chutes. IMO-grounded

Naturally occurring oil and gas hydrocarbons, the source of crude oil cargoes, fuels, and many products.

Gaseous hydrocarbons from petroleum, such as those carried by LPG carriers, which form flammable mixtures with air. IMO-grounded

Refined products of crude oil, such as gasoline, kerosene, diesel, and fuel oils, carried by product tankers.

A persistent synthetic fluorinated chemical formerly used in firefighting foams and coatings, now restricted aboard ships because of its environmental persistence and toxicity. Amendments to SOLAS Chapter II-2 and the HSC Code, adopted in resolutions MSC.532(107), MSC.536(107), and MSC.537(107), prohibit its use. IMO-grounded

A portable instrument that measures low concentrations of volatile organic compounds by ionising them with ultraviolet light, used aboard tankers to detect toxic hydrocarbon vapours.

Per Hatch Per Day

Those activities related to the flow of goods from the end of conversion to the customer.

The planning execution and control of those activities which are related to the flow of goods from the end of conversion to the customer.

Paints that form a film purely by the evaporation of solvent, without chemical reaction, so they can be redissolved by solvent.

Taking goods out of a stock and packing them according to customer conditions.

An order to pick certain quantities of goods out of a stock.

A service concerning the collection of cargo from the premises of the consignor and the delivery to the premises of the consignee.

Taking products or components out of a stock.

A list used to collect items from stores needed to fulfil an order. Synonym: Material issue list, Kitting list

A proprietary catamaran-based vessel or handling concept.

A structure projecting from the shore at which ships berth; see jetty.

A hatch cover panel that is lifted and stacked onto an adjacent panel to open the hatch.

The carriage of road vehicles and trailers on railway wagons. Synonym: Huckepack Carriage

The finely divided solids in paint that give it colour, opacity, and, in some cases, corrosion-inhibiting or anti-fouling properties.

A long column driven into the seabed to support a structure or to moor a vessel.

A vertical structural member that supports a deck and transfers its load to the structure below.

A person with local knowledge taken aboard to advise on the navigation of a ship in confined or difficult waters such as harbour approaches.

A small craft used to transfer pilots to and from ships.

A rope ladder rigged over the ship's side for a pilot to board and leave; its construction and rigging must meet SOLAS requirements and IMO standards for pilot transfer arrangements. IMO-grounded

A powered device formerly used to hoist a pilot aboard; mechanical pilot hoists are now prohibited by SOLAS in favour of ladders and combination arrangements. IMO-grounded

Platforms and shelters at the pilot boarding position providing safe access and protection during pilot transfer.

The equipment and installation, including the pilot ladder, any accommodation ladder used in combination, and the associated securing, lighting, and access, by which a marine pilot boards and leaves a ship at sea, regulated under SOLAS regulation V/23. Amendments adopted by resolution MSC.572(110), with mandatory Performance Standards in resolution MSC.576(110), apply to arrangements installed on or after 1 January 2028, and to existing ships from the first survey on or after 1 January 2029. IMO-grounded

The act of navigating a ship through confined or hazardous waters, usually with a pilot aboard.

Tiny holes in a coating film, a defect that leaves the substrate locally unprotected and prone to corrosion.

Corrosion appearing as many small spots of rust where a coating has minute breaks, an early sign of coating breakdown.

The pins on which a rudder hangs and turns, fitting into the gudgeons on the sternpost.

The connectors and components, such as bends, tees, flanges, and reducers, used to join and route piping.

The connections between lengths of pipe, made for example by welding, flanges, or couplings.

Standard designations of pipe wall thickness for a given diameter, used to select piping for its pressure and service.

A protected passage running through the double bottom or holds carrying piping and allowing access and inspection.

A line of pipe for conveying fluids, aboard ship or, in offshore work, along the seabed.

Several pipelines grouped together, sometimes within an outer carrier pipe, laid as a unit on the seabed.

The structures at the ends of a subsea pipeline that connect it to wells, manifolds, or risers.

The complete arrangement of pipes, valves, and fittings for conveying a fluid.

Tubular conduits for conveying fluids through the ship's systems.

The individual parts of a piping system, including pipes, valves, fittings, and supports.

The arrangement of pipes, valves, pumps, and fittings that conveys a fluid for a particular service, such as bilge, ballast, fuel, or cooling.

The component that moves up and down within an engine cylinder, transmitting the force of combustion to the connecting rod.

The top of the piston, exposed to combustion, which transmits the gas pressure and must withstand high temperature.

A spring ring fitted in a groove around a piston that seals the combustion gases and controls the lubricating oil film against the cylinder wall.

The lower part of the piston that guides it in the cylinder and takes the side thrust in trunk-piston engines.

A proprietary sacrificial anode used for cathodic protection.

Localised corrosion that forms small, deep pits in an otherwise sound surface, which can perforate plating while overall thickness loss is small; a particular concern in tank bottoms.

See place of receipt

The location where a consignment (shipment) is delivered to the consignee viz. the place where the carrier’s liability ends for the transport venture

The location where a consignment (shipment) is received by the carrier from the shipper viz. the place where the carrier’s liability for transport venture commences. Synonym: Place of Acceptance

The activity of positioning an object or goods in a chosen location or position

A dredger that lifts loose seabed material by suction alone, without a cutter head.

Boards forming a deck or covering; also the wooden ceiling protecting a hold's tank top.

Maintenance carried out at predetermined intervals or running hours according to a programme, to prevent failures; planned maintenance schemes may be accepted in lieu of certain class surveys. IMO-grounded

The setting of goals over a certain time and the determination of how to achieve these goals and with what resource

A craft that rises and skims over the water surface at speed, supported mainly by hydrodynamic lift rather than buoyancy.

The period of time to which a certain particular plan relates

A facility or workstation used for planning cargo, voyages, or operations.

A cutting process using a high-temperature ionised gas jet (plasma) to melt and blow away metal, used for fast, clean cutting of plate.

A synthetic polymer material; also, in mechanics, deformation that is permanent rather than elastic.

Permanent change of shape of a material under load that remains after the load is removed.

The property of a material that allows it to undergo permanent deformation without fracture.

A solid transverse plate in the double bottom, running from the centre girder to the margin plate, that supports the inner bottom and stiffens the structure.

A compact heat exchanger made of many thin plates between which two fluids flow in alternate channels, giving efficient heat transfer.

The bare floor of a container, suitable for the carriage of uncontainerable cargo, as several platforms can be placed together to provide a larger base. Plated for the carriage of heavy goods. 20’ and 40’

The area on an airport where aircrafts are parked for embarkation and/or loading and discharging purposes (aircargo). Synonym: Apron, Ramp

A truck or trailer without ends, sides or top but with only a floor

An offshore vessel designed to carry supplies, equipment, and bulk materials to and from offshore installations, with a large clear deck and dynamic positioning.

The steel plates forming the shell, decks, and bulkheads of the hull.

The load line marking on a ship's side, a circle crossed by a horizontal line, indicating the maximum permitted loading draught. Named after Samuel Plimsoll, it is required under the International Convention on Load Lines, with additional lines for different seasons and water densities. IMO-grounded

A device towed along the seabed to bury a cable or pipeline in a trench it cuts.

A fitting used to close an opening, such as a drain plug in a tank bottom.

A valve operated by compressed air, commonly used in automatic control systems.

A system that moves dry bulk material, such as cement or grain, through pipes using a flow of air.

A streamlined housing beneath the hull containing a propulsion motor and propeller that can rotate to steer the ship; see azimuthing podded drive.

The International Code for Ships Operating in Polar Waters, mandatory under SOLAS and MARPOL, which sets safety and environmental requirements for ships operating in Arctic and Antarctic waters. It covers ship design, equipment, operation, crew training, and protection of the polar environment against the additional hazards of ice, low temperatures, and remoteness. IMO-grounded

A satellite system in polar orbit that detects distress-beacon signals and relays them to rescue authorities, part of the Cospas-Sarsat system within the GMDSS. IMO-grounded

A substance that, if released, harms the marine environment; categories of pollutant and their control are defined in the annexes of MARPOL. IMO-grounded

The introduction of harmful substances or energy into the marine environment; its prevention from ships is the purpose of MARPOL. IMO-grounded

Booms, skimmers, sorbents, and storage used to contain and recover spilled oil or chemicals.

Vessels equipped to respond to marine pollution, recovering oil and treating contaminated water.

A large molecule built of repeating units, the basis of plastics, rubbers, and coating resins.

A versatile polymer used for tough, glossy coatings and for foams and elastomers.

A cellular plastic used for insulation and buoyancy, including in the insulation of liquefied-gas tanks and in some life-saving appliances.

A flat-decked float used for various purposes, including as a hatch cover, a floating platform, or a unit of a temporary structure.

A flat, liftable hatch cover panel removed by crane to open the hatch.

Hatch covers consisting of separate flat pontoon panels lifted on and off by crane.

The shared use of e.g. equipment by a number of companies, which make together the investments in the equipment mentioned.

A raised structure or deck at the stern of a ship.

Harbour having facilities for vessels to moor and load or discharge. The left side of a ship looking forward. A harbour.

The authority responsible for managing and regulating a port and its operations.

A location where the ship/port interface takes place, for which a security assessment and plan are required under the ISPS Code. IMO-grounded

The person responsible under the ISPS Code for the development, implementation, and maintenance of a port facility's security plan and for liaison with ship and company security officers. IMO-grounded

Place where a vessel actually drops anchor or moors during a certain voyage.

The port where the cargo is actually discharged (unloaded) from the sea (ocean) going vessel.

The port where the cargo is actually loaded on board the sea (ocean) going vessel.

The port at which a ship is registered, shown on her stern and in her registration documents, establishing her nationality.

Shore-based facilities provided at ports and terminals for receiving oily residues, noxious liquid residues, sewage, and garbage from ships, so these wastes can be disposed of ashore rather than discharged at sea, as required under the MARPOL Annexes. IMO-grounded

The left-hand side of a ship when facing forward.

A portable gas-detection instrument carried on board for measuring oxygen, flammable gas, and toxic gas concentrations in an enclosed space before entry. SOLAS regulation XI-1/7, effective 1 July 2016, requires ships to carry appropriate instruments for this purpose. IMO-grounded

A bulkhead that can be installed and removed to divide a space as needed, for example to separate parcels of cargo.

A transportable pressure chamber used to treat or decompress divers.

A type of gantry crane with vertical legs of sufficient height and width to permit vehicles or railroad equipment to pass between the legs.

A round window in the ship's side or superstructure, fitted with a hinged glass and, below the freeboard deck, a deadlight, to maintain watertight integrity under the Load Line Convention. IMO-grounded

A statement concerning a vessel containing the actual arrival and departure time used tugs, draft, deadweight, quantity of discharged and loaded goods/ containers and any other important particulars.

A voluntary framework by which financial institutions assess and disclose the climate alignment of their shipping loan portfolios against the IMO's greenhouse gas reduction ambitions. Verified emissions and efficiency data from ships feed the annual portfolio scoring.

Under the Load Line Convention, the more exposed deck locations (on the freeboard and raised quarter decks, and on superstructure decks forward) for which the most stringent requirements apply to hatch covers and other closures. IMO-grounded

Under the Load Line Convention, the less exposed deck locations (on superstructure decks abaft a quarter of the ship's length from forward) for which somewhat less stringent closure requirements apply. IMO-grounded

A system that holds a floating unit on station by mooring lines and anchors, as an alternative or complement to dynamic positioning.

The transport of empty equipment from a depot to shipper’s premises or from consignee’s premises back to a depot as the empty leg of a carrier haulage transport.

The controlled heating of a welded component after welding to relieve residual stresses and improve the properties of the weld and surrounding metal.

A national code maintained by the Postal Authorities designed to indicate areas and accumulated addresses to facilitate sorting and the delivery of mail and other goods. Note: The coding system is different in the various countries throughout the world. In the Netherlands the code consists of 4 figures and 2 characters.

The time during which a mixed two-pack coating or adhesive remains usable after its components are combined.

To transfer a liquid; in metalworking, to pour molten metal into a mould.

The lowest temperature at which an oil will still flow; below it the oil becomes too stiff to pump, important for handling heavy fuels.

Finely divided solid material, such as dry chemical extinguishing powder or a powdered cargo.

The rate of doing work or transferring energy, for example the power developed by an engine.

The system that provides the power to operate a control element, such as the hydraulic system that drives the steering gear.

The generators, switchboards, transformers, and distribution equipment that provide and route electrical power aboard.

The generation and distribution arrangement supplying the thrusters and controls of a dynamic-positioning system, designed with redundancy to maintain position after a failure.

That what has become customary as a result of repeated acts.

Licence or permission to use a port.

The act of placing goods in slings which are left in position and used for loading into and discharging from a conventional vessel.

A technical inspection of Reefer containers prior to positioning for stuffing.

Introduction to a charter party.

The carriage of goods (containers) by any mode of transport from the place of receipt to the port (place) of loading into the ocean vessel (main means of transport).

The carrier by which the goods are moved prior to the main transport.

An automatic load-shedding arrangement that disconnects non-essential consumers first when generating capacity is threatened, to keep essential services supplied.

The heating of metal before welding to slow cooling and reduce the risk of cracking, especially in thick or hardenable steels.

The fitting-out of equipment, piping, and systems into structural blocks before they are erected, improving efficiency in modern shipbuilding.

The checking of goods before shipment for the purpose of determining the quantity and/or quality of said goods by an independent surveyor (inspection company) for phytosanitary, sanitary and veterinary controls. Presently there is a tendency by developing countries to use the inspection also for the purpose of determining whether the price charged for certain goods is correct.

Force per unit area exerted by a fluid or load.

Sealed chambers in which pressure can be raised or lowered, used for diving (hyperbaric) work and testing.

The supply of combustion air to an engine above atmospheric pressure, as by a turbocharger, to increase its power.

An instrument that measures the pressure of a fluid in a system.

A rapid rise in pressure in a pipeline, such as that caused by quickly closing a valve, which can damage the system if not controlled.

A process that separates gases by adsorbing one preferentially under pressure, used aboard to generate nitrogen for inerting. IMO-grounded

A cargo tank designed to hold its contents under pressure, as on a fully pressurised gas carrier, built to the IGC Code. IMO-grounded

A valve on a cargo tank that relieves both overpressure and vacuum, allowing the tank to breathe within safe limits while preventing flame entry, required in tanker venting arrangements. IMO-grounded

An arrangement that maintains a controlled pressure or atmosphere within a cargo hold, for example to keep it inert or dry.

A mandatory washing of certain chemical cargo tanks after discharge, with the residues delivered to reception facilities, required under MARPOL Annex II for the most hazardous substances. IMO-grounded

When both buyer and seller know pricing. Net markets can eliminate arbitrage situations when only a broker knows the price. Net markets can result in sellers making more money and buyers paying a lower price, since broker margins are reduced.

The main navigation equipment on the bridge, such as radar, ECDIS, gyrocompass, and position-fixing systems, required under SOLAS chapter V. IMO-grounded

Equipment that must operate continuously to maintain propulsion and steering, identified in the design of the electrical and machinery systems. IMO-grounded

The main strength members of the hull, such as the keel, girders, floors, and main frames, that carry the principal loads.

The engines or turbines that provide the mechanical power to drive the ship and its generators.

The first coat of a paint system, applied to the prepared surface to promote adhesion and corrosion protection for the coats that follow.

Person for whom another acts as agent.

See Responsible Carrier.

The company that owns the various subsidiary companies or branches acting as customers on their own and is registered as the corporate customer for statistical purposes.

An order which is identified as taking precedence over other orders to ensure its completion in the minimum time. Synonym: Urgent order, Rush order.

Business which operates trucks primarily for the purpose of transporting its own products and raw materials. The principle business activity of a private carrier is not transportation.

Draft invoice sent to an importer by the exporter prior to order confirmation and shipment to assist in matters relating to obtaining import licences or foreign exchange allocations, or simply to advise the value of a consignment so that letters of credit can be opened.

An approach to subdivision and damage stability that assesses the probability of surviving a range of possible damage cases, used in the SOLAS rules in place of the older deterministic method. IMO-grounded

The mixture of oil, gas, and water brought up from a well in offshore production.

A result, end item or output from a certain process.

All phases in the transformation- or production process of one product

The period of time between the introduction date and end date of a product in the market. Note: Phases are introduction, growth, maturity, saturation, decline & end.

A tanker designed to carry refined petroleum products, often with coated tanks and segregated systems to keep different grades separate; subject to MARPOL Annex I. IMO-grounded

The conversion of materials and or assembly of components to manufacture goods, products or services. The total quantity of goods manufactured or to be manufactured in a particular period of time expressed in quantitative or financial terms. (The term manufacturing is often used specifically for physical operations resulting in a product).

Relative measure of output of labour hour or machine hour.

An organizational unit which will be held responsible for its own profits and losses.

Estimated Account.

The gradual spread of floodwater from one compartment to others through openings, piping, or structural failure, which can worsen a damaged ship's condition over time. IMO-grounded

Quantity of goods connected to the same project and often carried on different moments and from various places. Project cargo can be described as large volume, overdimensional and/or heavy lift cargoes that are usually outside of normal tariff provisions.

Ships suited to carrying large, heavy, or unusually shaped items such as plant and equipment for industrial projects.

A sound signal of four to six seconds' duration, used in the sound signals prescribed by the collision regulations (COLREGs). IMO-grounded

The receipt signed by the consignee upon delivery.

A model test of a propeller running in undisturbed water to determine its thrust, torque, and efficiency characteristics independent of the hull.

The theoretical distance a propeller would advance in one revolution if it moved through a solid, analogous to the pitch of a screw thread. Together with diameter and revolutions it governs the thrust developed; in a controllable pitch propeller the blade angle, and hence pitch, can be varied in service.

A name to be used to describe particular goods on all shipping documents and notifications and, if appropriate, on the goods.

A standard which has been endorsed by industry or government as the accepted international standard, but not officially approved by an accredited standards body such as ISO.

A mutual association of shipowners who provide protection against liabilities by means of contributions.

A statement drawn up to attest certain events.

A nitrogen generator using pressure-swing adsorption to separate nitrogen from air for inerting tanks and spaces. IMO-grounded

The agencies or officials in a state responsible for the application and enforce- ment of the laws and regulations of that state. Source: IMO.

A manoeuvring test in which the rudder is returned to midships after a turn to check whether the ship has a tendency to continue turning, indicating directional stability. IMO-grounded

A power-electronic converter that controls voltage and frequency by rapidly switching, used in variable-speed electric drives including propulsion.

A definite order for one or more deliveries by the supplier to the customer of a specific quantity of goods, materials, services or products under agreed terms of delivery and prices.

Per Weather Working Day