Section
1 Vent Systems for Cargo Containment
1.1 General
1.1.1 All cargo tanks shall be provided with a pressure relief system
appropriate to the design of the cargo containment system and the cargo being
carried. Hold space and interbarrier spaces, which may be subject to pressures
beyond their design capabilities, shall also be provided with a suitable pressure
relief system. Pressure control systems specified in Pt 11, Ch 7 Cargo Pressure/Temperature Control shall be independent of the pressure relief
systems.
1.2 Pressure relief systems
1.2.1 Cargo tanks, including deck tanks, are to be fitted with a minimum of
two Pressure Relief Valves (PRVs) each being of equal size within manufacturer’s
tolerances and suitably designed and constructed for the prescribed service.
1.2.2 Interbarrier spaces shall be provided with pressure relief devices.
Reference is made to IACS Unified Interpretation GC9 Guidance for sizing pressure
relief systems for interbarrier spaces 1988. For membrane systems, the
designer shall demonstrate adequate sizing of interbarrier space PRVs.
1.2.3 The setting of the PRVs shall not be higher than the vapour pressure that
has been used in the design of the tank. Where two or more PRVs are fitted, valves
comprising not more than 50 per cent of the total relieving capacity may be set at a
pressure up to 5 per cent above MARVS to allow sequential lifting, minimising
unnecessary release of vapour.
1.2.4 The following temperature requirements apply to PRVs fitted to pressure
relief systems:
- PRVs on cargo tanks with a cargo design temperature below 0°C
shall be designed and arranged to prevent their becoming inoperative due to
ice formation.
- The effects of ice formation due to ambient temperatures shall
be considered in the construction and arrangement of PRVs.
- PRVs shall be constructed of materials with a melting point
above 925°C. Lower melting point materials for internal parts and seals may
be accepted provided that fail-safe operation of the PRV is not
compromised.
- Sensing and exhaust lines on pilot operated relief valves shall
be of suitably robust construction to prevent damage.
1.2.5
Valve testing
PRVs shall be tested in accordance with a Recognised Standard or
equivalent national standards. Reference is made to: ISO 21013-1 2008 – Cryogenic
vessels – Pressure-relief accessories for cryogenic service – Part 1: Reclosable
pressure-relief valves; and ISO 4126-1; 2004 Safety devices for
protection against excessive pressure – Part 1 and part 4: Safety valves.
- PRVs shall be type tested. Type tests shall include:
- verification of relieving capacity.
- cryogenic testing when operating at design temperatures
colder than –55°C.
- seat tightness testing.
- pressure containing parts are to be pressure tested to
at least 1,5 times the design pressure.
- Each PRV shall be tested to ensure that:
- it opens at the prescribed pressure setting, with an
allowance not exceeding ±10 per cent for 0 to 0,15 MPa, ±6 per cent
for 0,15 to 0,3 MPa, ±3 per cent for 0,3 MPa and above.
- seat tightness is acceptable.
- pressure containing parts are to withstand at least 1,5
times the design pressure.
1.2.6 As soon as practicable prior to proceeding on gas trials, pressure
relief valves are to be tested and installed in accordance with the manufacturer’s
recommended procedures to the Surveyor’s satisfaction. Where valves are stored prior
to installation on board, the storage arrangements are also to be in accordance with
the manufacturer’s recommended procedures.
1.2.7 PRVs shall be set and sealed by the Administration or recognised
organisation acting on its behalf and a record of this action, including the valves’
set pressure, shall be retained onboard the ship unit.
1.2.8 Cargo tanks may be permitted to have more than one relief valve set
pressure in the following cases:
- installing two or more properly set and sealed PRVs and providing
means as necessary for isolating the valves not in use from the cargo tank;
or
- installing relief valves whose settings may be changed by the use
of a previously approved device not requiring pressure testing to verify the new
set pressure. All other valve adjustments shall be sealed.
1.2.9 Changing the set pressure under the provisions of Pt 11, Ch 8, 1.2 Pressure relief systems 1.2.8, and the corresponding resetting of the alarms referred to in
Pt 11, Ch 13, 1.4 Pressure monitoring 1.4.2, shall be carried out under the supervision of the Master in
accordance with approved procedures and as specified in the operating manual of the
ship unit. Changes in set pressure shall be recorded in the ship unit’s log and a
sign shall be posted in the cargo control room if provided, in the main control area
if separate from the cargo control room, and at each relief valve, stating the set
pressure.
1.2.10 In the event of a failure of a cargo tank PRV a safe means of emergency
isolation shall be available.
- Procedures are to be provided and included in the cargo
operations manual (see
Pt 11, Ch 18, 1.2 Cargo operations manuals).
- The procedures shall allow only one of the
cargo tank’s installed PRVs to be isolated.
- Isolation of the PRV shall be carried out under the supervision
of the Master. This action shall be recorded in the ship unit’s log and a
sign posted in the cargo control room, if provided, and at the PRV.
- The tank shall not be loaded until the full relieving capacity
is restored.
1.2.11 Each PRV installed on a cargo tank shall be connected to a venting
system, which shall be:
- so constructed that the discharge will be unimpeded and
directed vertically upwards at the exit.
- arranged to minimise the possibility of water or snow entering
the vent system.
- arranged such that the height of vent exits shall not be less
than B/3 or 6 m, whichever is the greater, above the weather deck.
- 6 m above working areas and walkways.
1.2.12 Cargo PRV vent exits shall be arranged at a distance at least equal to
B or 25 m, whichever is less, from the nearest air intake, outlet or
opening to accommodation spaces, service spaces and control stations, or other
non-hazardous areas.
All other vent outlets connected to the cargo containment system shall
be arranged at a distance of at least 10 m from the nearest air intake, outlet or
opening to accommodation spaces, service spaces and control stations, or other
non-hazardous areas.
1.2.14 If cargoes that react in a dangerous manner with each other are carried
simultaneously, a separate pressure relief system shall be fitted for each one.
1.2.15 In the vent piping system, means for draining liquid from places where
it may accumulate shall be provided. The PRVs and piping shall be arranged so that
liquid can, under no circumstances, accumulate in or near the PRVs.
1.2.16 Suitable protection screens of not more than 13 mm square mesh shall be
fitted on vent outlets to prevent the ingress of foreign objects without adversely
affecting the flow. Protective screens when storing pentane are also to comply with
Pt 11, Ch 17, 1.2 Flame screens on vent outlets.
1.2.17 All vent piping shall be designed and arranged not to be damaged by; the
temperature variations to which it may be exposed, forces due to flow or the motions
of the ship unit.
1.2.18 PRVs shall be connected to the highest part of the cargo tank above deck
level. PRVs shall be positioned on the cargo tank so that they will remain in the
vapour phase at the filling limit (FL) as defined in Pt 11, Ch 15 Filling Limits for Cargo Tanks, under conditions of 15° list and
0,015L trim, where L is defined in Pt 11, Ch 1, 1.3 Definitions.
1.2.19 The adequacy of the vent system fitted on tanks loaded in accordance
with Pt 11, Ch 15, 1.5 Maximum loading limit 1.5.2, is to be demonstrated using the Guidelines for the
Evaluation of the Adequacy of Type C Tank Vent Systems, IMO Resolution
A.829(19). A relevant certificate shall be permanently kept onboard the ship unit.
For the purposes of this paragraph, vent system means:
- the tank outlet and the piping to the PRV.
- the PRV.
- the piping from the PRVs to the location of discharge to the
atmosphere, including any interconnections and piping that joins other
tanks.
1.3 Vacuum protection systems
1.3.1 Cargo tanks not designed to withstand a maximum external pressure
differential 0,025 MPa, or tanks that cannot withstand the maximum external pressure
differential that can be attained at maximum discharge rates with no vapour return
into the cargo tanks, or by operation of a cargo refrigeration system, or by thermal
oxidation, shall be fitted with:
- two independent pressure switches to
sequentially alarm and subsequently stop all suction of cargo liquid or
vapour from the cargo tank and refrigeration equipment, if fitted, by
suitable means at a pressure sufficiently below the maximum external
designed pressure differential of the cargo tank; or
- vacuum relief valves with a gas flow capacity at least equal to
the maximum cargo discharge rate per cargo tank, set to open at a pressure
sufficiently below the external design differential pressure of the cargo
tank.
1.3.3 Vacuum relief valves are not to admit air to the cargo tanks except
where satisfactory controls, low pressure alarms and automatic devices for stopping
cargo pumps and compressors, etc. are fitted and adjusted such that the pressure in
the tanks cannot fall below a predetermined minimum safe level. Details are to be
submitted for consideration.
1.3.4 The vacuum protection system shall be capable of being tested to ensure
that it operates at the prescribed pressure.
1.4 Sizing of pressure relieving
system
1.4.1
Sizing of pressure relief valves
PRVs shall have a combined relieving capacity for each cargo tank to
discharge the greater of the following, with not more than a 20 per cent rise in
cargo tank pressure above the MARVS:
- the maximum capacity of the cargo tank inerting system if the
maximum attainable working pressure of the cargo tank inerting system exceeds
the MARVS of the cargo tanks; or
- vapours generated under fire exposure computed using the following
formula:
where
Q
|
= |
minimum required rate of discharge of air at standard
conditions of 273,15 Kelvin (K) and 0,1013 MPa |
F
|
= |
fire exposure factor for different cargo types |
F
|
= |
1,0 for tanks without insulation located on deck |
F
|
= |
0,5 for tanks above the deck when insulation is
approved by LR. (Approval will be based on the use of a fireproofing
material, the thermal conductance of insulation, and its stability
under fire exposure) |
F
|
= |
0,5 for uninsulated independent tanks installed in
holds |
F
|
= |
0,2 for insulated independent tanks in holds (or
uninsulated independent tanks in insulated holds) |
F
|
= |
0,1 for insulated independent tanks in inerted holds
(or uninsulated independent tanks in inerted, insulated holds) |
F
|
= |
0,1 for membrane and semi membrane tanks
For independent tanks partly protruding through the
weather decks, the fire exposure factor shall be determined on
the basis of the surface areas above and below deck
|
G
|
= |
|
with
T
|
= |
temperature in Kelvin at relieving conditions, i.e. 120
per cent of the pressure at which the pressure relief valve is
set |
L
|
= |
latent heat of the material being vaporised at
relieving conditions, in kJ/kg |
D
|
= |
a constant based on relation of specific heats k
and is calculated as follows |
D
|
= |
|
k
|
= |
ratio of specific heats at relieving conditions, and
the value of which is between 1,0 and 2,2. If k is not known,
D = 0,606 shall be used. |
Z
|
= |
compressibility factor of the gas at relieving
conditions; if not known, Z = 1,0 shall be used. |
M
|
= |
molecular mass of the product. |
The gas factor of each cargo to be carried shall be
determined and the highest value shall be used for PRV sizing.
For prismatic tanks Lmin, and the associated external
surface area of the tank, A, are to be taken as follows:
Figure 8.1.1 Horizontal cylindrical
tanks arrangement
- The required mass flow of air at relieving conditions is given
by:
where:
Density of air (ρair) |
= |
1,293 kg/m3 (air at 273,15 K, 0,1013 MPa) |
1.4.2
Sizing of vent pipe system
1.4.3
Upstream pressure losses
The pressure drop in the vent line from the tank to the PRV inlet shall
not exceed 3 per cent of the valve set pressure at the calculated flow rate, in
accordance with Pt 11, Ch 8, 1.4 Sizing of pressure relieving system 1.4.1.
- Pilot-operated PRVs shall be unaffected by inlet pipe pressure
losses when the pilot senses directly from the tank dome.
- Pressure losses in remotely sensed pilot lines shall be
considered for flowing type pilots.
1.4.4
Downstream pressure losses
- Where common vent headers and vent masts are fitted,
calculations shall include flow from all attached PRVs.
- The built-up back pressure in the vent piping from the PRV
outlet to the location of discharge to the atmosphere, and including any
vent pipe inter-connections that join other tanks, shall not exceed the
following values:
- For unbalanced PRVs: 10 per cent of MARVS;
- For balanced PRVs: 30 per cent of MARVS;
- For pilot operated PRVs: 50 per cent of MARVS.
Alternative values provided by the PRV manufacturer may
be accepted.
1.4.5 To ensure stable PRV operation, the blow-down shall not be less than the
sum of the inlet pressure loss and 0,02 MARVS at the rated capacity.
|