Section
1 General requirements
1.1 General
1.1.1 The
requirements of this Chapter apply to passenger ships and cargo ships
except where otherwise stated.
1.1.2 Whilst
these requirements are considered to meet those of the
SOLAS - International Convention for the Safety of Life at Sea
, and applicable amendments, attention should also
be given to any relevant Statutory Regulations of the National Administration
of the country in which the ship is to be registered. Compliance with
the Statutory Regulations of the National Administration may be accepted
as meeting the requirements of the International Convention
for the Safety of Life at Sea, 1974, and applicable amendments.
1.1.3 Electrical
services required to maintain the ship in a normal sea-going, operational
and habitable condition are to be capable of being maintained without
recourse to the emergency source of electrical power.
1.1.4 Electrical
services essential for safety are to be maintained under declared
normal and reasonably foreseeable abnormal conditions.
1.1.5 The
safety of passengers, crew and ship from electrical hazards is to
be ensured.
1.1.7 Lloyd’s Register (hereinafter referred to as ‘LR’) will be prepared to give
consideration to special cases or to arrangements which are equivalent to the Rules. For
unconventional designs, see also
Pt 7, Ch 14 Requirements for Machinery and Engineering Systems of Unconventional Design . Consideration will also be given to electrical
arrangements of small ships and ships to be assigned class notation for restricted or
special services.
1.2 Documentation required for design review
1.2.2 Single line diagrams of main, emergency and transitional power and lighting
systems which are to include:
-
ratings of machines, transformers, batteries and semiconductor
converters;
-
all feeders connected to the main and emergency switchboards;
-
section boards and distribution boards;
-
insulation type, size and current loadings of cables;
-
make, type and rating of circuit breakers and fuses;
-
details of harmonic filters (where fitted); and
-
details of power supply arrangements used for control systems.
1.2.3 A functional description of operation of the main, emergency and
transitional electrical power systems, which is to include:
-
the operating philosophy of the main, emergency and transitional
electrical power systems under normal and reasonably foreseeable abnormal
conditions;
-
degraded modes of operation;
-
load management and load sharing philosophy
-
protection philosophy.
- harmonic filters where fitted, including harmonic analysis, the
permitted modes of operation for maintaining the harmonic distortion within
acceptable limits, and the effect on harmonic distortion of the failure of any
combination of harmonic filters, see also
Pt 6, Ch 2, 1.8 Quality of power supplies 1.8.3 and
Pt 6, Ch 2, 1.8 Quality of power supplies 1.8.4; and
- guidance indicating the safe operating modes of the electrical power
system under both normal and failure conditions of the harmonic filters where
fitted.
1.2.4 An earthing philosophy document that defines the basic approach to be taken
for earthing the electrical power systems and all electrical loads.
1.2.5 Simplified diagrams of generator circuits, inter-connector circuits and
feeder circuits showing:
-
protective devices, e.g. short-circuit, overload, reverse power
protection;
-
instrumentation and synchronising devices;
-
preference tripping;
-
remote stops and fire safety stops; and
-
earth fault indication/protection.
1.2.6 Calculations of short-circuit currents at main, emergency and transitional
switchboards and section boards including those fed from transformers, details of
circuitbreaker and fuse operating times and discrimination curves showing compliance
with Pt 6, Ch 2, 6.1 General and Pt 6, Ch 2, 11.6 Conductor size 11.6.2.
1.2.7 Where required by Pt 6, Ch 2, 8.1 General 8.1.1, the hazards resulting from electric arcs within
electrical equipment and their consequences for personnel are to be identified, and at
least the following supporting evidence is to be submitted:
-
system design;
-
operating philosophies, e.g. manual or automatic control, local or
remote operation;
-
general arrangement plans for switchboards, section boards and
distribution boards, see also
Pt 6, Ch 2, 1.3 Documentation required for supporting evidence 1.3.4;
-
general arrangement plans for the space in which the electrical
equipment to be assessed are located showing:
-
access to adjacent spaces;
-
the location of the electrical equipment;
-
ventilation arrangements for air conditioning and/or the
extraction of smoke, gas and vapours resulting from electric arcs; and
-
positions within the space in which the electrical equipment is
located where personnel will be performing tasks, e.g. switching, equipment
maintenance, instrument observation or cleaning, or where personnel could
reasonably be expected to enter;
-
calculations in accordance with Pt 6, Ch 2, 8.3 Calculations to be submitted;
-
system operating procedures; and
-
details of defined additional safety measures to be taken during
activities.
1.2.9 A schedule of electrical equipment for use in explosive gas atmospheres or
in the presence of combustible dusts giving details, as appropriate, of:
-
type of equipment;
-
type of protection, e.g. Ex `d';
-
apparatus group, e.g. IIB;
-
temperature class, e.g. T3;
-
enclosure ingress protection, e.g. IP55;
-
certifying authority;
-
certificate number;
-
location of equipment.
Details may be included on arrangement drawings for the hazardous locations,
in place of a separate schedule. Where uncertified equipment is permitted by Pt 6, Ch 2, 14.3 Selection of equipment for use in explosive gas atmospheres or
Pt 6, Ch 2, 14.4 Selection of equipment for use in the presence of combustible dusts or the Rules relevant to the specific type of ship, details of
other documentation confirming Pt 6, Ch 2, 1.2 Documentation required for design review 1.2.9.(b) to Pt 6, Ch 2, 1.2 Documentation required for design review 1.2.9.(d) may be submitted in place of those listed under Pt 6, Ch 2, 1.2 Documentation required for design review 1.2.9.(f) and Pt 6, Ch 2, 1.2 Documentation required for design review 1.2.9.(g).
1.2.11 Simplified circuit diagram of electrical propulsion system (where fitted)
giving details of:
-
ratings of electrical machines, transformers, batteries, harmonic
filters, dynamic braking assemblies and semiconductor converters;
-
lubrication and cooling arrangements, where provided;
-
insulation type, size and current loadings of cables;
-
make, type and rating of circuit-breakers and fuses;
-
instrumentation and protective devices;
-
earth fault indication/protection;
-
propulsion control systems, and the procedures used to ensure that
there is satisfactory control of the design in relation to the requirements of
Pt 6, Ch 2, 16.4 Propulsion control; and
-
harmonic filters and analysis.
1.2.12 Details of electrically-operated fire, ship, crew and passenger emergency
safety systems which are to include typical single line diagrams and arrangements,
showing main vertical and, where applicable, horizontal fire zones, spaces along the
ship bottom that are not fitted with a double bottom and the location of equipment and
cable routes, including identification of relevant high fire risk areas, to be employed
for:
-
emergency lighting;
-
accommodation fire detection, alarm and extinction systems;
-
fixed water-based local application fire-fighting systems;
-
public address system;
-
general emergency alarm;
-
watertight doors, bow, stern and shell doors and other electrically
operated closing appliances; and
-
low location lighting.
Note A general arrangement plan of the complete ship showing the main
vertical fire zones, spaces along the ship bottom that are not fitted with a double
bottom and the location of equipment and cable routes, including identification of
relevant high fire risk areas, for the above systems, is to be made available for the
use of the Surveyor on board.
1.2.15 A schedule of batteries fitted for use for emergency and essential
services, giving details of:
- type and manufacturer's type designation;
- voltage and ampere-hour rating;
- location;
- equipment and/or system(s) served;
- maintenance/replacement cycle dates;
- date(s) of maintenance and/or replacement; and
- for replacement batteries in storage, the date of manufacture and shelf
life; with accompanying battery replacement procedure documentation to show
compliance with Pt 6, Ch 2, 12.7 Recording of batteries for emergency and essential services.
Note The above includes all batteries fitted as part of an uninterruptible
power system (UPS) used for any essential or emergency services.
1.2.17 Lithium battery systems. In addition to the plans and information required by
Pt 6, Ch 1, 1.2 Documentation required for design review 1.2.2, the following information is also to be submitted:
- System functional description including all operating modes
(i.e. charging, discharging, standby, backup, peak shaving, etc.), safety functions
and their hierarchy, and expected battery system behaviour in case of
malfunction.
- Technical description detailing how safety information from type
testing has been considered in the actual installation design.
- Integration plan for the battery system with the vessel power
distribution and charging arrangements.
- Line diagrams of the battery system control and power
distribution, including switchgear, protective devices, controlgear and emergency
trip (E-Trip) as well as interfaces to external systems.
- A Failure Mode and Effects Analysis (FMEA)
and mitigation strategy, which is to be carried out for the lithium battery
system installation as a whole in accordance with IEC 60812: Analysis techniques
for system reliability – Procedure for failure mode and effects analysis
(FMEA), or an equivalent and acceptable National or International Standard and
the report and worksheets are to be submitted for consideration.
- Arrangement plans of any HVAC, ventilation, cooling systemand
drains for the battery space.
- Fire detection, alarm and extinguishing system (including
portable fire-fighting appliances) plans for the battery space.
- A schedule of electrical equipment for use in the battery space
and HVAC, ventilation and cooling system giving details of the appropriate type of
protection for the temperature class and gas group of the potential gases. Copies of
appropriate certification are to be submitted for consideration.
- Arrangement plans for electrical equipment showing cable routes
associated with the battery system, power distribution and E-Trip.
- General arrangement plan showing hazardous zones for the battery
space, including the HVAC, ventilation, cooling system and drains.
- Fire integrity plans for the battery space (including
penetrations drawings), contiguous spaces and means of escape from the battery
space.
- Test schedule for works testing which is to include methods of testing
and acceptance criteria.
1.2.18 For ships with hybrid electrical power systems as detailed in Pt 6, Ch 2, 24 Hybrid electrical power systems the
following documentation is to be submitted for design review either uniquely or
integrated with other submitted information.
Information required for all hybrid electrical power systems:
- A functional description of the electrical distribution systems
and equipment that details compliance with the performance criteria and system
capability and functionality under defined normal and reasonably foreseeable abnormal
conditions including:
- degraded modes of operation;
- load management and load sharing philosophy;
- earthing philosophy;
- system electrical protection philosophy;
- system stability; and
- converter switching actions.
- Definition of system performance targets (see
Pt 6, Ch 2, 24.5 Hybrid electrical power system performance - System performance targets);
- Definition of dependability principles (see
Pt 6, Ch 2, 24.6 Hybrid electrical power system performance - Dependability principles);
- Calculations supporting the size and rating of stores of
electrical energy (see
Pt 6, Ch 2, 24.6 Hybrid electrical power system performance - Dependability principles 24.6.7);
- Risk assessment in support of there being no dedicated emergency
source of power when this is proposed (see
Pt 6, Ch 2, 24.8 Hybrid electrical power system performance - Emergency source of electrical power 24.8.2);
- Details of any arrangements for external sources of power to
charge onboard stores of electrical energy (see
Pt 6, Ch 2, 24.9 Hybrid electrical power system performance - External source of electrical power 24.9.4);
- Voltage rate of rise times for pulse width modulated converters
(see
Pt 6, Ch 2, 24.11 Hybrid electrical power system components - Source of electrical power 24.11.6);
- Risk assessment in support of active fault current limiting
devices when this is proposed (see
Pt 6, Ch 2, 24.15 Hybrid electrical power system components - Distribution system 24.15.11);
- Technical description of energy management functionality
(see
Pt 6, Ch 2, 24.16 Hybrid electrical power system components - Energy management 24.16.8);
- Technical description of arrangements for power quality
monitoring (see
Pt 6, Ch 2, 24.17 Transversal requirements 24.17.6);
- Power system integration procedure (see
Pt 6, Ch 2, 24.18 Power system development and integration - General);
- System operational concept (see
Pt 6, Ch 2, 24.19 Power system development and integration - System operational concept);
- Technical description of operating modes (see
Pt 6, Ch 2, 24.20 Power system development and integration - Operating modes);
- Validated specifications of system components (see
Pt 6, Ch 2, 24.22 Power system development and integration - System components);
- Results of energy flow analysis (see
Pt 6, Ch 2, 24.23 Power system development and integration - Energy flows);
- Results of power system analysis (see
Pt 6, Ch 2, 24.24 Power system development and integration - Power system analysis);
- Definition of safety functions (see
Pt 6, Ch 2, 24.25 Power system development and integration - Safety functions);
- System FMEA (see
Pt 6, Ch 2, 24.27 Power system development and integration - System Failure Modes and Effects Analysis (FMEA));
- System operating instructions (see
Pt 6, Ch 2, 24.28 Power system development and integration - Operating instructions);
- Description and verification of ship-specific Operator training
needs (see
Pt 6, Ch 2, 24.29 Power system development and integration - Operator training); and
- Description of through-life system integration roles and
responsibilities (see
Pt 6, Ch 2, 24.30 Power system development and integration - Through-life accountability).
Additional information required for Hybrid Power (+) notation
systems:
- Dependability assessment (see
Pt 6, Ch 2, 24.6 Hybrid electrical power system performance - Dependability principles);
- Technical description of arrangements for automatic earth fault
location (see
Pt 6, Ch 2, 24.15 Hybrid electrical power system components - Distribution system 24.15.14);
- Technical description of arrangements for power quality
degradation detection (see
Pt 6, Ch 2, 24.15 Hybrid electrical power system components - Distribution system 24.15.23);
- Technical description of additional energy management
functionality (see
Pt 6, Ch 2, 24.16 Hybrid electrical power system components - Energy management 24.16.8);
- Validation, verification and results of energy flow simulation
(see
Pt 6, Ch 2, 24.23 Power system development and integration - Energy flows 24.23.3);
- Validation, verification and results of power system simulation
(see
Pt 6, Ch 2, 24.24 Power system development and integration - Power system analysis 24.24.4);
- Risk assessment study when required (see
Pt 6, Ch 2, 24.26 Power system development and integration - Risk assessment); and
- Evidence of ship-specific Operator training verification
(see
Pt 6, Ch 2, 24.29 Power system development and integration - Operator training 24.29.2).
1.3 Documentation required for supporting evidence
1.3.3 In order to establish compliance with Pt 6, Ch 2, 1.11 Location and construction 1.11.4 and Pt 6, Ch 2, 5.1 Systems of supply and distribution 5.1.4, a general arrangement plan of the ship
showing the location of major items of electrical equipment, for example:
- main and emergency generators;
- transitional source of supply (where fitted);
- switchboards;
- section boards and distribution boards supplying essential and
emergency services;
- emergency batteries;
- motors for emergency services;
- propulsion motors;
- propulsion transformers;
- propulsions semiconductor converters;
- dynamic braking equipment;
- reactors;
- harmonic filters; and
- cable routes between these items of equipment.
1.3.4 Arrangement plans of main and emergency switchboards, section boards and
documentation that demonstrates that creepage and clearance distances are in accordance
with Pt 6, Ch 2, 7.5 Creepage and clearance distances. The form factor of internal separation of low voltage switchgear
and controlgear assemblies is to be in accordance with IEC 61439-2: Low-voltage
switchgear and controlgear assemblies — Part 2: Power switchgear and controlgear
assemblies, or an alternative acceptable and relevant national Standard. The form
factor is to be stated, and the arrangement plans are to show how the form factor has
been achieved.
1.3.5 Schedule of normal and emergency operating loads on the system estimated for
the different operating conditions expected. The following details are to be provided to
meet this requirement:
-
a description of the expected operating profiles (e.g. the number of
generating sets connected when manoeuvring at sea, etc.), including that required
by Part 5 Table 2.1.1 Plans and particulars to be
submitted; and
-
a schedule of the normal and emergency operating loads, which is to
state the kilowatt rating of each load and a load factor between 0 and 1 that
reflects:
-
the duty cycle of the load; and
-
the proportion of its maximum rating at which the load is
expected to operate.
1.3.6 In order to establish compliance with the requirements of Pt 6, Ch 2, 1.7 Design and construction 1.7.3, when requested, evidence is to be submitted to
demonstrate the suitability of electrical equipment for its intended purpose in the
conditions in which it is expected to operate.
1.3.9 Evidence demonstrating the compatibility of the converter, cable and motor
combinations to be used for the provision of essential services. Particular attention is
to be given the suitability of the insulation systems used with respect to the convertor
impulse magnitudes and voltage rise times, and their implications for partial
discharge.
1.3.10 For high voltage a.c. rotating machines rated at above 3,6 kV, an
inspection and test plan is required which enables the requirements of Pt 6, Ch 2, 9.8 Survey and testing 9.8.7 to be assessed.
1.3.11 Lithium battery systems. In addition to the plans and information required by
Pt 6, Ch 2, 1.2 Documentation required for design review 1.2.17, the following information is also to be submitted:
- Document outlining the operational limitations for the battery
system.
- Operation, maintenance and training manuals for the battery
system are to be kept on board including:
- Manual that describes the standard operating, maintenance
and emergency procedures for the system;
- Testing procedures including Annual Survey test
requirements (see
Table 2.21.3 Test requirements on lithium battery systems);
- Through-life management plan for the battery system,
including disposal.
1.4 Surveys
1.4.1 Electrical
propelling machinery and associated equipment together with auxiliary
services essential for the safety of the ship are to be installed
in accordance with the relevant requirements of this Chapter, surveyed
and have tests witnessed by the Surveyors.
1.4.2 The
following equipment, where intended for use for essential and emergency
services, is to be surveyed by the Surveyors during manufacture and
testing:
- Converting equipment of 100 kW and over;
- Rotating machines of 100 kW and over;
- Switchboards and section boards;
- UPS units of 50 kVA and over, and
- Lithium Battery Systems of capacity 50 kWh and over including associated Battery
Management Systems.
1.4.3 For
electric propulsion systems, in addition to the equipment listed in Pt 6, Ch 2, 1.4 Surveys 1.4.2, the following equipment is
to be surveyed by the Surveyors during manufacture and testing:
1.4.4 For
refrigerating cargo installations having an RMC notation,
motors are to be tested and certificates furnished by the manufacturer.
Motors of 100 kW or over are to be surveyed by the Surveyors during
manufacture and testing.
1.4.5 All other electrical equipment, not specifically referenced in Pt 6, Ch 2, 1.4 Surveys 1.4.2 to Pt 6, Ch 2, 1.4 Surveys 1.4.4, intended for use for essential or emergency services
is to be supplied with a manufacturer's works test certificate showing compliance with
the constructional Standard(s) as referenced by the relevant requirements of this
Chapter.
1.5 Additions or alterations
1.5.1 No addition,
temporary or permanent, is to be made to the approved load of an existing
installation until it has been ascertained that the current carrying
capacity and the condition of the existing equipment including cables
and switchgear are adequate for the increased load.
1.5.2 Plans
are to be submitted for consideration, and the alterations or additions
are to be carried out under the survey, and to the satisfaction of
the Surveyors.
1.5.3 When
it is proposed to replace permanently installed secondary valve-regulated
sealed batteries with vented batteries, details are to be submitted
for consideration to ensure continued safety in the presence of the
products of electrolysis and evaporation being allowed to escape freely
from the cells to the atmosphere. These details are to demonstrate
that there will be adequate ventilation in accordance with Pt 6, Ch 2, 12.5 Thermal management and ventilation 12.5.9 and that the location and
installation requirements of Pt 6, Ch 2, 12.3 Location and Pt 6, Ch 2, 12.4 Installation are complied with.
1.6 Definitions
1.6.1 Essential services are those necessary for the propulsion and safety of the
ship, such as the following:
- air compressors for oil engines;
- air pumps;
- automatic sprinkler systems;
- ballast pumps;
- bilge pumps;
- circulating and cooling water pumps;
- communication systems;
- condenser circulating pumps;
- electric propulsion equipment;
- electric starting systems for engines;
- extraction pumps;
- fans for forced draught to boilers;
- feed water pumps;
- fire detection and alarm systems;
- fuel valve cooling pumps;
- hydraulic pumps for controllable pitch propellers and those serving
essential services here listed that would otherwise be directly electrically
driven;
- lubricating oil pumps;
- inert gas fans and scrubber and deck seal pumps;
- lighting systems for those parts of the ship normally accessible to and
used by personnel and passengers;
- liquefied gas cargo handling;
- navigational aids where required by Statutory Regulations;
- navigation lights and special purpose lights where required by
Statutory Regulations;
- fuel oil pumps and fuel oil burning units;
- oil separators;
- pumps for fire-extinguishing systems;
- scavenge blowers;
- steering gear;
- thrusters needed for the propulsion and safety of the ship to be
considered as essential services;
- valves which are required to be remotely operated;
- ventilating fans for engine and boiler rooms;
- watertight doors, shell doors and other electrical operated closing
appliances;
- windlasses;
- power sources and supply systems for supplying the above services;
and
- steam raising plant, where steam is required for other essential
services.
1.6.2 Services such as the following are considered necessary for minimum
comfortable conditions of habitability:
- cooking;
- heating;
- domestic refrigeration;
- mechanical ventilation;
- sanitary and fresh water.
1.6.3 Services such as the following, which are additional to those in Pt 6, Ch 2, 1.6 Definitions 1.6.1 and Pt 6, Ch 2, 1.6 Definitions 1.6.2, are considered necessary to maintain the ship in a
normal sea-going operational and habitable condition:
- cargo handling and cargo care equipment;
- hotel services, other than those required for habitable conditions;
- thrusters, other than those for dynamic positioning.
1.6.5 A `switchboard' is a switchgear and controlgear assembly for the control of
power generated by a source of electrical power and its distribution to electrical
consumers.
1.6.6 A `section board' is a switchgear and controlgear assembly for controlling
the supply of electrical power from a switchboard and distributing it to other section
boards, distribution boards or final sub-circuits.
1.6.7 A `distribution board' is an assembly of one or more protective devices
arranged for the distribution of electrical power to final sub-circuits.
1.6.8 A `final sub-circuit' is that portion of a wiring system extending beyond
the final overcurrent device of a board.
1.6.9 `Special category spaces' are those enclosed spaces above or below the
bulkhead deck intended for the carriage of motor vehicles with fuel, for their own
propulsion, in their tanks, into and from which such vehicles can be driven, and to
which passengers have access. Special category spaces may be accommodated on more than
one deck provided that the total overall clear height for vehicles does not exceed 10
m.
1.6.10 `Machinery spaces of Category A' are those spaces and trunks to such spaces
which contain:
-
internal combustion machinery used for main propulsion; or
-
internal combustion machinery used for purposes other than main
propulsion where such machinery has in the aggregate a total power output of not
less than 375 kW; or
-
any oil-fired boiler or fuel oil unit.
1.6.11 'Dead ship condition' means that the entire machinery installation,
including the power supply, is out of operation and that the auxiliary services for
bringing the main propulsion systems into operation (e.g. compressed air, starting
current from batteries, etc.) and for the restoration of the main power supply are not
available. Means are to be available to start the emergency generator at all times,
see
Pt 5, Ch 2, 9.5 Starting of the emergency source of power.
1.6.12 Protected space is a machinery space where a fixed water-based local
application fire-fighting system is installed.
1.6.13 Protected areas are areas within a protected space which are protected by a
fixed water-based local application fire-fighting system.
1.6.14 Adjacent areas are areas, other than protected areas, exposed to direct
spray or other areas where water may extend when a fixed water-based local application
firefighting system is activated.
1.6.15 For emergency services and their emergency power supplies required to be
capable of being operated under fire conditions, ‘high fire risk areas’ are:
-
machinery spaces, except auxiliary machinery spaces having litte or
no fire risk, as defined by SOLAS 1974 as amended, Chapter II-2 - Construction - Fire protection, fire detection and fire extinction;
-
spaces containing fuel treatment equipment;
-
galleys and pantries containing cooking appliances;
-
laundries containing drying equipment;
-
spaces containing flammable substances; and
-
for passenger ships carrying more than 36 passengers:
-
public spaces containing furniture and furnishings of other
than restricted fire risk and having a deck area of 50 m2 or
more;
-
barber shops and beauty parlours; and
-
saunas.
Requests to exempt spaces identified in Pt 6, Ch 2, 1.6 Definitions 1.6.15.(f) may be considered when evidence is submitted that
demonstrates emergency services will remain available in the event of a fire in the
space (e.g. studies of fire protection measures, installation locations, system
redundancy, etc.).
1.6.16 An ‘electric arc’ is an electrical discharge or a short-circuit through
ionised air caused by isolation or insulation integrity failure.
1.6.17 ‘Incident energy’ is the amount of energy impressed on a surface, a certain
distance from the source, generated during an electric arc event.
1.6.18 A ‘secondary lithium cell’ is a cell where electrical energy is derived from the
insertion/extraction reactions of lithium ions or oxidation/reduction of lithium between
the negative electrode and the positive electrode. These may be combined in ‘cell
blocks’ consisting of a group of cells connected together in a parallel configuration.
1.6.19 A ‘battery module’ is an energy storage device comprising one or more electrically
connected cells or cell blocks. The battery module can include protective and monitoring
devices.
1.6.20 A ‘battery pack’ is an energy storage device comprising one or more electrically
connected cells, cell blocks or modules. The battery pack can include protective devices
and control and monitoring systems which communicate with the battery management
system.
1.6.21 A ‘battery management system (BMS)’ is an electronic system which monitors
and manages the state of a cell, battery module or battery pack in order to maintain the
battery system in a safe operating state and protect against overcharging, overcurrent
and overheating and communicates with an external charge/discharger controller.
1.6.22 A ‘lithium battery system’ is a system comprising one or more lithium
battery modules or packs incorporated in a fixed installation together with means of
isolation, a cooling system (if provided) and has an associated BMS.
1.6.23 ‘State of charge (SOC)’ is the available capacity in a battery expressed as a percentage
of rated capacity.
1.6.24 ‘State of health (SOH)’ reflects the general condition of a battery expressed as a
percentage of its ability to deliver the specified performance compared with that of a
new battery.
1.6.25 ‘Battery space’ is the space or compartment in which a battery is installed.
1.7 Design and construction
1.7.1 Electrical
propelling machinery and associated equipment together with equipment
for services essential for the propulsion and safety of the ship are
to be constructed in accordance with the relevant requirements of
this Chapter.
1.7.2 The
design and installation of other equipment is to be such that risk
of fire due to its failure is minimised. It is, as a minimum, to comply
with a National or International Standard revised where necessary
for ambient conditions.
1.7.3 Electrical
equipment is to be suitable for its intended purpose and accordingly,
whenever practicable, be selected from the List of Type Approved
Products published by LR. A copy of the Procedure for LR Type
Approval System will be supplied on application.
1.7.4 Permanently installed electrical and electronic equipment that are capable of generating
electromagnetic interference, which can interfere with the proper functionality of
essential services or services upon which they depend, are to be designed, constructed
and installed in accordance with the guidelines and recommendations of one of the
following standard(s), as appropriate to its location:
- IEC 60533 - Electrical and electronic installations in ships - Electromagnetic
compatibility (EMC); or
- IEC 60945 - Maritime navigation and radiocommunication equipment and systems –
General requirements – Methods of testing and required test results;
or
- LR Type Approval System – Test Specification Number 1;
- Alternative national or international standard(s) acceptable to LR.
1.7.5 For
areas susceptible to deluge or submersion, cable entries are to prevent
water ingress. In general, cable entries are to be in accordance with
IEC 60092-101: Electrical Installations in Ships – Part
101: Definitions and General Requirements.
1.8 Quality of power supplies
1.8.1 All electrical equipment supplied from the main and emergency sources of
electrical power and electrical equipment for essential and emergency services supplied
from d.c. sources of electrical power is to be so designed and manufactured that it is
capable of operating satisfactorily under normally occurring variations of voltage and
frequency.
1.8.2 Unless specified otherwise, a.c electrical equipment is to operate
satisfactorily with the following simultaneous variations, from their nominal value,
when measured at the consumer input terminals:
-
voltage:
- permanent variations +6 per cent –10 per cent
- transient variations due to step changes in load ±20 per cent
- recovery time 1,5 seconds
-
frequency:
- permanent variations ±5per cent
- transient variations due to step changes in load ±10 per
cent
- recovery time 5 seconds
- A maximum rate of change of frequency not exceeding ±1,5 Hz per
second during cyclic frequency fluctuations.
1.8.3 Unless specified otherwise, the total harmonic distortion (THD) of the
voltage waveform at any a.c switchboard or section-board is not to exceed 8 per cent of
the fundamental for all frequencies up to 50 times the supply frequency and no voltage
at a frequency above 25 times supply frequency is to exceed 1,5 per cent of the
fundamental of the supply voltage. THD is the ratio of the rms value of the harmonic
content to the rms value of the fundamental, expressed in per cent and may be calculated
using the expression:
where
V
h
|
= |
rms amplitude of a harmonic voltage of order h
|
V
1
|
= |
rms amplitude of the fundamental voltage. |
1.8.4 Where a higher value of THD is specified, all installed equipment and systems are to be
designed for the higher specified limit. This relaxation on the limit is to be
documented in the harmonic distortion calculation report.
1.8.5 Unless specified otherwise, d.c. electrical equipment is to operate
satisfactorily with the following simultaneous variations from their nominal value, when
measured at the consumer input terminals:
-
When supplied by d.c. generator(s) or a rectified a.c. supply:
Voltage tolerance (continuous)
|
±10 per cent
|
Voltage cyclic variation deviation
|
5 per cent
|
Voltage ripple
|
10 per cent
|
(a.c. rms over steady
state o.c. voltage)
|
-
When supplied by batteries:
-
Equipment connected to the batteries during charging: Voltage
tolerance +30 per cent, –25 per cent;
-
Equipment not connected to batteries during charging: Voltage
tolerance +20 per cent, –25per cent.
Different voltage variations as determined by the
charging/discharging characteristics, including ripple voltage from the
charging device, may be considered. When battery chargers/battery
combinations are used as d.c. power supply systems adequate measures are to
be taken to keep the voltage within the specified limits during charging,
boost charging and discharging of the battery.
1.9 Ambient reference and operating conditions
1.9.1 The
rating for classification purposes of essential electrical equipment
intended for installation in ships to be classed for unrestricted
(geographical) service is to be based on an engine room ambient temperature
of 45°C, and a sea-water temperature at the inlet of 32°C.
The equipment manufacturer is not expected to provide simulated ambient
reference conditions at a test bed.
1.9.2 In the
case of a ship to be classed for restricted service, the rating is
to be suitable for the ambient conditions associated with the geographical
limits of the restricted service, see
Pt 1, Ch 2 Classification Regulations.
1.9.3 Main
and essential auxiliary machinery and equipment is to operate satisfactorily
under the conditions shown in Pt 5, Ch 1, 3.6 Ambient operating conditions. Electrical equipment satisfying alternative ambient
operating condition requirements for installation on ships contained
in an acceptable and relevant National or International Standard may
be considered to satisfy this requirement.
Note Details of local environmental conditions are stated in
Annex B of IEC 60092-101-2002: Electrical installations in ships
– Part 101: Definitions and general requirements.
1.9.4 Where
electrical equipment is installed within environmentally controlled
spaces, the ambient temperature for which the equipment is suitable
for operation at its rated capacity may be reduced to a value not
less than 35°C provided:
- the equipment is not for use for emergency services and is located
outside of machinery space(s);
- temperature control is achieved by at least two cooling units
so arranged that, in the event of loss of one cooling unit, for any
reason, the remaining unit(s) will be capable of satisfactorily maintaining
the design temperature;
- the equipment is able to be initially set to work safely within
a 45°C ambient temperature until such a time that the lesser ambient
temperature may be achieved; the cooling equipment is to be rated
for an ambient temperature of not less than 45°C; and
- alarms are provided, at a continually attended control station,
to indicate any malfunction of the cooling units.
See also
Pt 6, Ch 1, 1.4 Control, alarm and safety equipment 1.4.3.
1.10 Inclination of ship
1.10.2 In ships for the carriage of liquefied gas the emergency source of
electrical power is also to remain operable under the conditions described in the
Rules and Regulations for the Construction and Classification of Ships for the
Carriage of Liquefied Gases in Bulk (hereinafter referred to as the Rules for
Ships for Liquefied Gases), LR 10.2-04 . In ships for the carriage of
liquid chemicals the emergency source of electrical power is also to remain operable
under the conditions described in the Rules and Regulations for the Construction and
Classification of Ships for the Carriage of Liquid Chemicals in Bulk (hereinafter
referred to as the Rules for Ships for Liquid Chemicals), LR 10.1(e).
1.10.3 Any
proposal to deviate from the angles given in Table 2.1.1 Inclination of ship will be specially considered
taking into account the type, size and service of the ship.
Table 2.1.1 Inclination of ship
Installations, components
|
Angle of inclination, degrees, see Note 2
|
Athwartships
|
Fore-and-aft
|
static
|
dynamic
|
static
|
dynamic
|
Essential electrical equipment
|
15
|
22,5
|
5 see Note 3
|
7,5
|
Safety systems, e.g. emergency power
installations, crew and passenger safety systems Switchgear, electrical and
electronic appliances see Note 1
|
22,5
See Note 4
|
22,5
See Note 4
|
10
|
10
|
Note
1. No undesired switching operations or
operational changes may occur.
Note
2. Athwartships and fore-and-aft
inclinations may occur simultaneously.
Note
3. Where the length of the ship exceeds
100 m, the fore-and-aft static angle of inclination may be taken as:
degrees where L = Rule
length, in metres see
Pt 3, Ch 1, 6.1 Principal particulars.
Note 4. In ships for the carriage of liquefied gas and of liquid
chemicals the emergency source of electrical power is to remain
operable with the ship flooded to a final athwartships inclination to
a maximum angle of 30 degrees, in accordance with statutory
requirements.
|
1.10.4 The dynamic angles of inclination in Table 2.1.1 Inclination of ship may be exceeded in certain circumstances
dependent upon ship type and operation. The Shipbuilder is, therefore, to ensure that
the electrical equipment is capable of operating under these angles of inclination.
1.11 Location and construction
1.11.1 All
electrical equipment is to be constructed or selected, and installed
such that:
-
live parts cannot
be inadvertently touched, unless they are supplied at the safety voltage
specified in Pt 6, Ch 2, 1.12 Earthing of non-current carrying parts 1.12.2.(h);
-
it does not cause
injury when handled or touched in the normal manner; and
-
it is unaffected
by any water, steam or oil and oil vapour to which it is likely to
be exposed.
Electrical equipment having, as a minimum, the degrees of protection as
specified in IEC 60092-201: Electrical Installations In Ships – Part 201: System
Design – General for the relevant location will satisfy these requirements. For
high voltage electrical equipment, the degrees of protection as specified in IEC
60092-503 Electrical installations in ships – Part 503: Special features – AC supply
systems with voltages in the range of above 1kV up to and including 36kV for the
relevant location will satisfy these requirements.
1.11.2 Laser light sources for optical fibre systems are to be constructed in
accordance with IEC 60825-1 Safety of laser products – Part 1: Equipment
classification and requirements. Acceptance of alternative standards will be
subject to consideration by LR.
1.11.3 Optical fibre communication systems are to be constructed in accordance with
IEC 60825-2 Safety of laser products – Part 2: Safety of optical fibre communication
systems. Acceptance of alternative standards will be subject to consideration by
LR.
1.11.4 Switchboards, section boards and distribution boards supplying essential
and emergency services, as well as cables from the respective generators to and between
these boards, are to be arranged to avoid areas of high fire risk and elevated
temperatures, for example, in close proximity to incinerators and boilers.
1.11.5 Electrical
equipment, as far as is practicable, is to be located:
-
such that it
is accessible for the purpose of maintenance and survey;
-
clear of flammable
material;
-
in spaces adequately
ventilated to remove the waste heat liberated by the equipment under
full load conditions, at the ambient conditions specified in Pt 6, Ch 2, 1.9 Ambient reference and operating conditions;
-
where flammable
gases cannot accumulate. If this is not practicable, electrical equipment
is to be of the appropriate 'safe-type', see
Pt 6, Ch 2, 14 Electrical equipment for use in explosive gas atmospheres or in the presence of combustible dusts;
-
where it is not
exposed to the risk of mechanical injury or damage from water, steam
or oil.
1.11.6 Equipment
design and the choice of materials are to reduce the likelihood of
fire, ensuring that:
-
where the electrical
energised part can cause ignition and fire, it is contained within
the bounds of the enclosure of the electrotechnical product;
-
the design, material(s)
and construction of the enclosure minimises, as far as is practicable,
any internal ignition causing ignition of adjacent materials; and
-
where surfaces
of the electrotechnical products can be exposed to external fire,
they do not, as far as practicable, contribute to the fire growth.
Note Compliance with IEC 60695: Fire hazard testing(all
parts), or an alternative and acceptable Standard, will satisfy this
requirement.
1.11.7 Insulating
materials and insulated windings are to be resistant to tracking,
moisture, sea air, oil and oil vapour unless special precautions are
taken to protect them.
1.11.8 The
minimum creepage and clearance distances provided for electrical connections,
terminals and similar bare live parts are to be in accordance with
a relevant International or National Standard for the equipment or
apparatus concerned. In cases where the rated voltage is outside that
given in the Standard or where no Standard is available, the minimum
creepage and clearance distances provided are to be in accordance
with 7.5. Details of alternatives proposals including supporting design
rationale and demonstration may be submitted for consideration.
1.11.9 Studs,
screw-type or spring-type clamp terminations, satisfactory for the
normal operating currents and voltages, are to be provided in electrical
equipment for the connection of external cable, or busbar conductors,
as appropriate, see also
Pt 6, Ch 2, 11.15 Electric cable ends. There is to be adequate space and access for the terminations.
1.11.10 The
design of equipment is to enable ease of access to all parts requiring
inspection or replacement in service.
1.11.11 Equipment
is not to remain alive through the control circuits and/or pilot lamps
when switched off by the control switch. This does not apply to synchronising
switches and/or plugs.
1.11.12 The
operation of all electrical equipment and the lubrication arrangements
are to be efficient under such conditions of vibration and shock as
arise in normal practice.
1.11.13 All
nuts, screws and clamping devices used in connection with current-carrying,
supporting and working parts are to be provided with means to ensure
that they cannot work loose by vibration and shock as arise in normal
practice.
1.11.14 To
allow ease of access, connectors are to be spaced far enough apart
to permit connection and disconnection. At test points, adequate clearance
is to be provided between connection points and controls to provide
access for testing.
1.11.15 Conductors
and equipment are to be placed at such a distance from the magnetic
compasses, or are to be so disposed, that the interfering magnetic
field is negligible when circuits are switched on and off.
1.11.16 Where
electrical power is used for propulsion, the equipment is to be so
arranged that it will operate satisfactorily in the event of partial
flooding by bilge water above the tank top up to the bottom floor
plate level, under the normal angles of inclination given in Pt 6, Ch 2, 1.10 Inclination of ship for essential electrical equipment, see
Pt 5, Ch 13 Ship Piping Systems.
1.12 Earthing of non-current carrying parts
1.12.1 Except where exempted by Pt 6, Ch 2, 1.12 Earthing of non-current carrying parts 1.12.2, all non-current-carrying exposed metal parts of
electrical equipment and cables are to be earthed for personnel protection against
electric shock. Bonding of non-current carrying exposed metal parts is to give a
substantially equal potential and a sufficiently low earth fault loop impedance to
ensure correct operation of protective devices.
1.12.2 The
following parts may be exempted from the requirements of Pt 6, Ch 2, 1.12 Earthing of non-current carrying parts 1.12.1:
-
lamp-caps, where
suitably shrouded;
-
shades, reflectors
and guards supported on lampholders or light fittings constructed
of, or shrouded in, non-conducting material;
-
metal parts on,
or screws in or through, non-conducting materials, which are separated
by such material from current-carrying parts and from earthed non-current
carrying parts in such a way that in normal use they cannot become
live or come into contact with earthed parts;
-
apparatus which
is constructed in accordance with the principle of double insulation;
-
bearing housings
which are insulated in order to prevent circulation of current in
the bearings;
-
clips for fluorescent
lamps;
-
cable clips and
short lengths of pipes for cable protection;
-
apparatus supplied
at a safety voltage not exceeding 50 V d.c. or 50 V a.c., between
conductors, or between any conductor and earth in a circuit isolated
from the supply. Autotransformers are not to be used for the purpose
of achieving the alternating current voltage;
-
apparatus or
parts of apparatus which although not shrouded in insulating material
is nevertheless otherwise so guarded that it cannot be touched and
cannot come in contact with exposed metal.
1.12.3 Where
extraneous-conductive parts (i.e. parts not forming part of the electrical
installation and liable to introduce an electric potential) are not
bonded by separate earthing conductors, details are to be submitted
that demonstrate that a permanent, metal-to-metal connection of negligible
impedance, which will not degrade due to corrosion or vibration, will
be achieved.
1.12.4 Armouring,
braiding and other metal coverings of cables are to be effectively
earthed. Where the armouring, braiding and other metal coverings are
earthed at one end only, they are to be adequately protected and insulated
at the unearthed end with the insulation being suitable for the maximum
voltage that may be induced. See
Pt 6, Ch 2, 14.9 Cable and cable installation 14.9.3 for earthing of cables in
hazardous zones or spaces.
1.12.5 The
electrical continuity of all metal coverings of cables throughout
the length of the cable, particularly at joints and tappings, is to
be ensured.
1.12.7 Earthing
conductors are to be of copper or other corrosion-resistant material
and be securely installed and protected where necessary against damage
and also, where necessary, against electrolytic corrosion. Connections
are to be so secured that they cannot work loose under vibration.
1.12.8 The
nominal cross-section areas of copper earthing conductors for electrical
equipment are, in general to be equal to the cross-section of the
current-carrying conductor up to 16 mm2, with a minimum
of 1,5 mm2. Above this figure they are to be equal to at
least half the cross-section of the current-carrying conductor with
a minimum of 16 mm2.
1.12.9 The
nominal cross-section areas of copper earthing conductors for armouring,
braiding and other metal coverings of cables are, in general, to be
equal to the equivalent crosssection of the armouring, braiding and
other metal coverings with a minimum of 1,5 mm2.
1.12.10 Earthing
conductors of materials other than copper are to have a conductance
not less than that specified for an equivalent copper earthing conductor.
1.12.11 The
connection of the earthing conductor to the hull of the ship is to
be made in an accessible position, and is to be secured by a screw
or stud of a diameter appropriate for the size of earthing conductor,
but not less than 6 mm, which is to be used for this purpose only.
Bright metallic surfaces at the contact areas are to be ensured immediately
before the nut or screw is tightened and, where necessary, the joint
is to be protected against electrolytic corrosion. The connection
is to remain unpainted.
1.13 Bonding for the control of static electricity
1.13.1 Bonding
straps for the control of static electricity are required for cargo
tanks, process plant and piping systems, for flammable products and
solids liable to release flammable gas and/or combustible dust, which
are not permanently connected to the hull of the ship either directly
or via their bolted or welded supports and where the resistance between
them and the hull exceeds 1 MΩ.
1.14 Alarms
1.14.1 Where
alarms are required by this Chapter they are to be arranged in accordance
with Pt 6, Ch 1, 2.3 Alarm systems, general requirements. Sound signal
equipment, fire and general alarm bells are not required to be supplemented
by visual indications, except in areas having high levels of background
noise, such as machinery spaces.
1.14.5 Electric
system: Alarms and safeguards are indicated in Table 2.1.2 Electric system: Alarms and safeguards.
Table 2.1.2 Electric system: Alarms and safeguards
Item
|
Alarm
|
Note
|
Busbar voltage
|
High and low
|
–
|
Busbar frequency
|
Low
|
–
|
Operation of load shedding
|
Warning
|
–
|
Generator cooling air temperature
|
High
|
For closed air circuit water-cooled machines
|
1.15 Labels, signs and notices
1.15.1 Labels,
signs and notices required by this Chapter are to be positioned in
clearly visible locations which will not be obscured.
1.15.2 Labels,
signs and notices are to be easy to read under the expected operating
conditions. Character height in accordance with Table 2.1.3 Character height and viewing
distance will be considered to
satisfy this requirement.
Table 2.1.3 Character height and viewing
distance
Viewing distance (mm)
|
Minimum character height
(mm)
|
Less than 500
|
2,3
|
500 – 1000
|
4,7
|
1000 – 2000
|
9,4
|
2000 – 4000
|
19
|
4000 – 8000
|
38
|
1.15.3 Controls,
indicators and displays required by this Chapter are to be labelled
to indicate their function. Labels are to be positioned in a manner
that associates the label with the item being labelled.
1.15.4 Labels,
signs and notices are to use short, clear messages. In general, warning
signs and notices are to comprise:
- a signal word to convey the gravity of the risk (e.g. Danger,
Warning or Caution);
- a statement of the nature and/or consequence of the hazard; and
- wherever practical, an instruction giving appropriate behaviour
to avoid the hazard.
1.16 Operation under fire conditions
1.16.1 As
a minimum, the following emergency services and their emergency power
supplies, are required to be capable of being operated under fire
conditions:
- Control and power systems to power-operated fire doors and status
indication for all fire doors.
- Control and power systems to power-operated watertight doors and
their status indication.
- Emergency lighting.
- Fire and general emergency alarms.
- Fire detection systems.
- Fire-extinguishing systems and fire-extinguishing media release
alarms.
- Fire safety stops, see also
Pt 6, Ch 2, 17.6 Fire safety stops.
- Low location lighting, see also
Pt 6, Ch 2, 18.4 Escape route or low location lighting (LLL) 18.4.3.
- Public address systems.
- Emergency fire pump.
1.16.2 Where
cables for the emergency services listed in Pt 6, Ch 2, 1.16 Operation under fire conditions 1.16.1 pass through high fire risk
areas, main vertical or horizontal fire zones other than those which
they serve, they are to be so arranged that a fire in any of these
areas or zones does not affect the operation of the emergency service
in any other area or zone. This may be achieved either by:
- cables being of a fire resistant type complying with Pt 6, Ch 2, 11.5 Construction 11.5.3, and at least extending
from the main control/monitoring panel to the nearest local distribution
panel serving the relevant area or zone; or
- there being at least two-loops/radial distributions run as widely
apart as is practicable and so arranged that in the event of damage
by fire at least one of the loops/radial distributions remains operational.
1.16.4 Fire
resistant electrical cables for the emergency services listed in Pt 6, Ch 2, 1.16 Operation under fire conditions 1.16.1, including their power supplies,
are to be run as directly as is practicable, having regard to any
special installation requirements, for example those concerning minimum
bend radii.
1.16.5 In
addition to Pt 6, Ch 2, 1.11 Location and construction 1.11.6, materials
used for electrical equipment, cables and accessories within passenger
accommodation areas are not to be capable of producing excessive quantities
of smoke and toxic products.
1.16.6 NOTE:
Compliance with IEC 60695: Fire hazard testing (all
parts) , or an alternative and acceptable Standard, will satisfy this
requirement.
1.17 Operation under flooding conditions
1.17.1 Flooding
of spaces along the ship bottom that are not fitted with a double
bottom is not to result in the loss of the ability to provide electrically
operated fire, ship, crew and passenger emergency safety systems outside
of the spaces.
1.17.2 Installation
of electrical equipment necessary to provide fire, ship, crew and
passenger emergency safety systems in spaces along the ship bottom
not fitted with a double bottom is to be avoided, wherever practical.
Where it is proposed to install electrical equipment, including cabling,
necessary to provide fire, ship, crew and passenger emergency safety
systems in such spaces, evidence is to be submitted to demonstrate
that required emergency services will be available in other spaces
in the event of flooding of the space not fitted with a double bottom.
1.18 Protection of electrical equipment against the effects of lightning
strikes
1.18.1 Precautions are to be taken to protect essential electronic equipment that
may be susceptible to damage from voltage pulses attributable to the secondary effects
of lightning. This may be achieved by suitable design and/or the use of additional
protective devices, such as surge arrestors. Resultant induced voltages may be further
reduced by the use of earthed metallic screened cables. See also
Pt 6, Ch 2, 20 Lightning conductors.
1.19 Programmable electronic systems
|